text:history_of_egypt
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text:history_of_egypt [2013/08/23 21:34] – [Fr. 418 (from Excerpta Latina Barbari)] fredmond | text:history_of_egypt [2013/08/26 13:52] – fredmond | ||
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Total for the first three dynasties, according to Africanus, 769 years. | Total for the first three dynasties, according to Africanus, 769 years. | ||
- | Fr. 12 (a) (from Syncellus). According to Eusebius. | + | |
+ | ==== Fr. 12 (a) (from Syncellus). | ||
+ | |||
+ | According to Eusebius. | ||
The Third Dynasty consisted of eight kings of Memphis: | The Third Dynasty consisted of eight kings of Memphis: | ||
Line 909: | Line 912: | ||
77 Ammenemês is Amenemhêt I: see pp66 f., nn. 1, 2. | 77 Ammenemês is Amenemhêt I: see pp66 f., nn. 1, 2. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Book II ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XII | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 34 (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | From the Second Book of Manetho. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twelfth Dynasty1 consisted of seven kings of Diospolis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Sesonchosis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Ammanemês, for 38 years: he was murdered by his own eunuchs.2 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Sesôstris, for 48 years: in nine years he subdued the whole of Asia, and Europe as far as Thrace, everywhere erecting memorials of his conquest of the tribes.3 Upon stelae [pillars] he engraved for a valiant race the secret parts of a man, for an ignoble race those of a woman.4 Accordingly he was esteemed by the Egyptians as the next in rank to Osiris. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Lacharês (Lamarês), | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Amerês, for 8 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Ammenemês, for 8 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. Scemiophris, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 160 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 35 (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | From the Second Book of Manetho. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The twelfth Dynasty consisted of seven kings of Diospolis. The first of these, Sesonchosis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Ammanemês, for 38 years: he was murdered by his own eunuchs. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Sesôstris, for 48 years: he is said to have been 4 cubits 3 palms 2 fingers' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Next to him Lamaris reigned for 8 years: he built the Labyrinth in the Arsinoïte nome as his own tomb. | ||
+ | |||
+ | His successors ruled for 42 years, and the reigns of the whole dynasty amounted to 245 years.7 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 36. Armenian Version of Eusebius. ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | From the Second Book of Manetho. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twelfth Dynasty consisted of seven kings of Diospolis. The first of these, Sesonchosis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Ammenemês, for 38 years; he was murdered by his own eunuchs. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Sesôstris, for 48 years: he is said to have been 4 cubits 3 palms 2 fingers' | ||
+ | |||
+ | His successor, Lampares, reigned for 8 years: in the Arsinoïte nome he built the many-chambered9 Labyrinth as his own tomb. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The succeeding kings ruled for 42 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total for the whole dynasty, 245 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XIII | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 38º (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Thirteenth Dynasty10 consisted of sixty kings of Diospolis, who reigned for 453 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 39 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Thirteenth Dynasty consisted of sixty kings of Diospolis, who reigned for 453 years. | ||
+ | (b) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Thirteenth Dynasty consisted of sixty kings of Diospolis, who reigned for 453 years. | ||
+ | Dynasty XIV | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 41 (a)º (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Fourteenth Dynasty11 consisted of seventy‑six kings of Xoïs, who reigned for 184 years. | ||
+ | (b) According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Fourteenth Dynasty consisted of seventy‑six kings of Xoïs, who reigned for 184 years, — in another copy, 484 years. | ||
+ | (c) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Fourteenth Dynasty consisted of seventy‑six kings of Xoïs, who reigned for 484 years. | ||
+ | p77 The Hyksôs Age, c. 1700-c. 1580 B.C.12 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 42 (from Josephus, Contra Apionem, I.14, §§ 73‑92). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [Josephus is citing the records of neighbouring nations in proof of the antiquity of the Jews.] | ||
+ | |||
+ | 73 I will begin with Egyptian documents. These I cannot indeed set before you in their ancient form; but in Manetho we have a native Egyptian who which was manifestly imbued with Greek culture. He wrote in Greek the history of his nation, translated, as he himself tells us, from sacred tablets;13 and on many p79points of Egyptian history he convicts Herodotus14 of having erred through ignorance. 74 In the second book of his History of Egypt, this writer Manetho speaks of us as follows. I shall quote his own words, just as if I had brought forward the man himself as a witness:15 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 75 " | ||
+ | |||
+ | 78 "In the Saïte [Sethroïte] nome20 he found a city very favourably situated on the east of the Bubastite branch21 of the Nile, and called Auaris22 after an p83ancient religious tradition.23 This place he rebuilt and fortified with massive walls, planting there a garrison of as many as 240,000 heavy-armed men to guard his frontier. 79 Here he would come in summer-time, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 83 In another copy29 the expression hyk, it is said, does not mean " | ||
+ | |||
+ | 84 These kings whom I have enumerated above, and their descendants, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 91 In another book37 of his History of Egypt Manetho says that this race of so‑called Shepherds is, in the sacred books of Egypt, described as " | ||
+ | Dynasty XV | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 43 (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus.41 | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Fifteenth Dynasty consisted of Shepherd Kings. There were six foreign kings from Phoenicia, | ||
+ | |||
+ | The first of these kings, Saïtês, reigned for 19 years: the Saïte nome43 is called after him. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Bnôn, for 44 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Pachnan [Apachnan], for 61 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Staan,44 for 50 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Archlês,45 for 49 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Aphôphis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 284 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 44 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Fifteenth Dynasty consisted of kings of Diospolis, who reigned for 250 years. | ||
+ | (b) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Fifteenth Dynasty consisted of kings of Diospolis, who reigned for 250 years. | ||
+ | Dynasty XVI | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 45 (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Sixteenth Dynasty were Shepherd Kings again, 32 in number: they reigned for 518 years.47 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 46 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Sixteenth Dynasty were kings of Thebes, 5 in number: they reigned for 190 years. | ||
+ | (b) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Sixteenth Dynasty were kings of Thebes, 5 in number: they reigned for 190 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XVII | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 47 (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Seventeenth Dynasty48 were Shepherd Kings again, 43 in number, and kings of Thebes or Diospolis, 43 in number. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total of the reigns of the Shepherd Kings and the Theban kings, 151 years.49 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 48 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Seventeenth Dynasty were Shepherds and brothers:50 they were foreign kings from Phoenicia, who seized Memphis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The first of these kings, Saïtês, reigned for 19 years: the Saïte nome51 is called after him. These kings founded in the Sethroïte nome a town, from which as a base they subdued Egypt. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Bnôn, for 40 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Aphôphis, for 14 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | After him Archlês reigned for 30 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 103 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | It was in their time that Joseph was appointed king of Egypt. | ||
+ | (b) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Seventeenth Dynasty consisted of Shepherds, who were brothers52 from Phoenicia and foreign kings: they seized Memphis. The first of these kings, Saïtês, reigned for 19 years: from him, too, the Saïte nome53 derived its name. These kings founded in the Sethroïte nome a town from which they made a raid and subdued Egypt. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The second king was Bnon, for 40 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Next, Archlês, for 30 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Aphophis, for 14 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 103 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | It was in their time that Joseph appears to have ruled in Egypt.54 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 49 (from the Scholia to Plato). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Saïtic, of Saïs. From the Aegyptiaca of Manetho. The Seventeenth Dynasty consisted of Shepherds: they were brothers55 from Phoenicia, foreign kings, who seized Memphis. The first of these kings, Saïtês, reigned for 19 years: the Saïte nome56 is called after him. These kings founded in the Sethroïte nome a town, from which as a base they subdued Egypt. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The second of these kings, Bnôn, reigned for 40 years; the third, Archaês, for 30 years; and the fourth, Aphôphis, for 14 years. Total, 103 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Saïtês added 12 hours to the month, to make its length 30 days; and he added 6 days to the year, which thus comprised 365 days.57 | ||
+ | |||
+ | p101 Dynasties, XVIII,58 XIX | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 50 (from Josephus, Contra Apionem, I.15, 16, §§ 93‑105) — (continued from Fr. 42). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 93 For the present I am citing the Egyptians as witnesses to this antiquity of ours. I shall therefore resume my quotations from Manetho' | ||
+ | |||
+ | p107 103 Such is Manetho' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 51 (from Theophilus, Ad Autolyc. III.19). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Moses was the leader of the Jews, as I have already said, when they had been expelled from Egypt by p109King Pharaôh whose name was Tethmôsis. After the expulsion of the people, this king, it is said, reigned for 25 years 4 months, according to Manetho' | ||
+ | |||
+ | After him, Chebrôn ruled for 13 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | After him, Amenôphis, for 20 years 7 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | After him, his sister Amessê, for 21 years 1 month [9 months in Josephus] | ||
+ | |||
+ | After her, Mêphrês, for 12 years 9 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | After him, Mêphrammuthôsis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | After him, Tuthmôsês, | ||
+ | |||
+ | After him, Amenôphis, for 30 years 10 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | After him, Ôrus, for 36 years 5 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Next, his daughter [Acenchêrês] reigned for 12 years 1 month. | ||
+ | |||
+ | After her, [Rathôtis, for 9 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | After him, Acenchêrês, | ||
+ | |||
+ | After him, Ac]enchêrês [II], for 12 years 3 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | His son Harmaïs, for 4 years 1 month. | ||
+ | |||
+ | After him, Ramessês for 1 year and 4 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | After him, Ramessês Miammû(n), for 66 years 2 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | p111 After him, Amenôphis, for 19 years 6 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Then, his son Sethôs, also called Ramessês, for 10 years. He is said to have possessed a large force of cavalry and an organized fleet. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XVIII | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 52 (from Syncellus). According to Africanus. ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | The Eighteenth Dynasty73 consisted of 16 kings of Diospolis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The first of these was Amôs, in whose reign Moses went forth from Egypt,74 as I75 here declare; but, according to the convincing evidence of the present calculation76 it follows that in this reign Moses was still young. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The second king of the Eighteenth Dynasty, according to Africanus, was Chebrôs, who reigned for 13 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The third king, Amenôphthis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | The fourth king (queen), Amensis (Amersis), reigned for 22 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The fifth, Misaphris, for 13 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The sixth, Misphragmuthôsis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, according to Africanus, down to the reign of Amôsis, also called Misphragmuthôsis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. Tuthmôsis, for 9 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 8. Amenôphis, for 31 years. This is the king who was reputed to be Memnôn and a speaking statue.78 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 9. Ôrus, for 37 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 10. Acherrês, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 11. Rathôs, for 6 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 12. Chebrês, for 12 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 13. Acherrês, for 12 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 14. Armesis, for 5 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 15. Ramessês, for 1 year. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 16. Amenôphath (Amenôph), for 19 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 263 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 53 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Eighteenth Dynasty consisted of fourteen kings of Diospolis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The first of these, Amôsis, reigned for 25 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. The second, Chebrôn, for 13 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Ammenôphis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Miphrês, for 12 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Misphragmuthôsis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total from Amôsis, the first king of this Eighteenth Dynasty, down to the reign of Misphragmuthôsis amounts, according to Eusebius, to 71 years; and there are five kings, not six. For he omitted the fourth king, Amensês, mentioned by Africanus and the others, and thus cut off the 22 years of his reign. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Tuthmôsis, for 9 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. Amenôphis, for 31 years. This is the king who was reputed to be Memnôn and a speaking statue.80 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 8. Ôrus, for 36 years (in another copy, 38 years). | ||
+ | |||
+ | 9. Achenchersês [for 12 years]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | [Athôris, for 39 years (? 9).] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [Cencherês] for 16 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | About this time Moses led the Jews in their march out of Egypt. (Syncellus adds: Eusebius alone places in this reign the exodus of Israel under Moses, although no argument supports him, but all his predecessors hold a contrary view, as he testifies.) | ||
+ | |||
+ | p117 10. Acherrês, for 8 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 11. Cherrês, for 15 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 12. Armaïs, also called Danaus, for 5 years: thereafter, he was banished from Egypt and, fleeing from his brother Aegyptus, he arrived in Greece, and, seizing Argos, he ruled over the Argives. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 13. Ramessês, also called Aegyptus, for 68 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 14. Ammenôphis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 348 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Eusebius assigns 85 years more than Africanus to the Eighteenth Dynasty. (Syncellus elsewhere says: Eusebius leaves out two kings, but adds 85 years, setting down 348 years instead of the 263 years of the reckoning of Africanus.) | ||
+ | (b) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Eighteenth Dynasty consisted of fourteen kings of Diospolis. The first of these, Amoses, reigned for 25 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Chebron, for 13 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Amophis, for 21 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Memphres, for 12 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Mispharmuthosis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Tuthmosis, for 9 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. Amenophis, for 31 years. This is the king who was reputed to be Memnon, a speaking stone. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 8. Orus, for 28 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 9. Achencheres . . ., for 16 years. In his time Moses became leader of the Hebrews in their exodus from Egypt. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 10. Acherres, for 8 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 11. Cherres, for 15 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 12. Armaïs, also called Danaus, for 5 years: at the end of this time he was banished from the land of Egypt. Fleeing from his brother Aegyptus, he escaped to Greece, and after capturing Argos, he held sway over the Argives. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 13. Ramesses, also called Aegyptus, for 68 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 14. Amenophis, for 40 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total for the dynasty, 348 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 54 (from Josephus, Contra Apionem, I.26‑31, §§ 227‑287). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | (Josephus discusses the calumnies of the Egyptians against the Jews, whom they hate.) | ||
+ | |||
+ | 227 The first writer upon whom I shall dwell is one whom I used a little earlier as a witness to our antiquity. 228 I refer to Manetho. This writer, who had undertaken to translate the history of Egypt from the sacred books, began by stating that our ancestors came against Egypt with many tens of thousands and gained the mastery over the inhabitants; | ||
+ | |||
+ | 251 Such, then, are the Egyptian stories about the Jews,97 together with many other tales which I pass p133by for brevity' | ||
+ | |||
+ | 254 To begin with, the reason which he suggests for his fiction is ridiculous. "King Amenôphis," | ||
+ | |||
+ | 260 But let us now examine99 the most ridiculous part of the whole story. Although he had learned these facts, and conceived a dread of the future, the king did not, even then, expel from his land those cripples of whose taint he had previously been bidden to purge Egypt, but instead, at their request, he gave them as their city (Manetho says) the former habitation of the Shepherds, Auaris, as it was called. 261 Here, he adds, they assembled, and selected as their leader a man who had formerly been a priest in Heliopolis. This man (according to Manetho) instructed them not to worship the gods nor to refrain from the animals revered in Egypt, but to sacrifice and devour them all, and to have intercourse with none save those of their own confederacy. Then having bound his followers by oath to abide strictly by these laws, he fortified Auaris and waged war against the king. 262 This leader, Manetho adds, sent to Jerusalem, inviting the people to join in alliance with him, and promising to give them Auaris, which, he reminded them, was the ancestral home of those who would come from Jerusalem, and would serve as a base for their conquest of the whole of Egypt. 263 Then, continues Manetho, they advanced with an army of 200,000 men; and Amenôphis, king of Egypt, thinking he ought not to fight against the gods, fled straightway into Ethiopia after enjoining that Apis and some of the other sacred animals should be entrusted to the custody of the priests. 264 Thereafter, the men from Jerusalem came on, made desolate the cities, burned down the temples, massacred p139the priests, and, in short, committed every possible kind of lawlessness and savagery. 265 The priest who framed their constitution and their laws was, according to Manetho, a native of Hêliopolis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 267 Here again Manetho fails to realize the improbability of his lying tale. Even if the lepers and their accompanying horde were previously angry with the king and the others who had treated them thus in obedience to the seer's prediction, certainly when they had left the stone-quarries and received from him a city and land, they would have grown more kindly disposed to him. 268 If indeed they still hated him, they would have plotted against him personally, instead of declaring war against the whole people; for obviously so large a company must have had numerous relatives in Egypt. 269 Notwithstanding, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 271 Moreover, how absurd it is to imagine that, while none of their relatives and friends joined in the revolt and shared in the perils of war, these polluted persons sent to Jerusalem and gained allies there! 272 What alliance, what connexion had previously existed between them? Why, on the contrary, they were enemies, and differed widely in customs. Yet Manetho says that they lent a ready ear to the promise that they would occupy Egypt, just as if they were not thoroughly acquainted with the country from which they had been forcibly expelled! 273 Now, if they had been in straitened or unusual circumstances, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 278 Thus, according to Manetho, our race is not of Egyptian origin, nor did it receive any admixture of Egyptians. For, naturally, many of the lepers and invalids died in the stone-quarries during their long term of hardship, many others in the subsequent battles, and most of all in the final engagement and the rout. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 279 It remains for me to reply to Manetho' | ||
+ | |||
+ | 287 It is now, therefore, sufficiently obvious, I think, that, so long as Manetho followed the ancient records, he did not stray far from the truth; but when he turned to unauthorized legends, he either combined them in an improbable form or else gave credence to certain prejudiced informants. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XIX | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 55 (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Nineteenth Dynasty105 consisted of seven (six) kings of Diospolis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Sethôs, for 51 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Rapsacês, for 61 (66) years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Ammenephthês, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Ramessês, for 60 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Ammenemnês, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Thuôris, who in Homer is called Polybus, husband of Alcandra, and in whose time Troy was taken,106 reigned for 7 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 209 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Sum total in the Second Book of Manetho, ninety‑six kings, for 2121 years.107 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 56 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Nineteenth Dynasty consisted of five kings of Diospolis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Sethôs, for 55 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Rampsês, for 66 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Ammenephthis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Ammenemês, for 26 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Thuôris, who in Homer is called Polybus, husband of Alcandra, and in whose reign Troy was taken, reigned for 7 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 194 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Sum total in the Second Book of Manetho, for ninety‑two kings, 1121 (2121) years. | ||
+ | (b) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Nineteenth Dynasty consisted of five kings of Diospolis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Sethos, for 55 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Rampses, for 66 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Amenephthis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Ammenemes, for 26 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Thuoris, by Homer called the active and gallant Polybus, in whose time Troy was taken, reigned for 7 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 194 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the Second Book of Manetho there is a total of ninety‑two kings, reigning for 2121 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Editor' | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1 Dynasty XII, c. 2000-1790 B.C. (Meyer, Geschichte5, | ||
+ | |||
+ | In Dynasty XII the conquests of Dynasty VI in the south were extended; and Sesôstris III was the first Egyptian king to conquer Syria. Among works of peace the great irrigation schemes in the Fayûm perpetuated the name of Amenemhêt III in "Lake Moeris" | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2 See A. de Buck (Mélanges Maspero, vol. I, 1935, 847‑52) for a new interpretation of the purpose of The Instruction of Amenemmes: in this political pamphlet the dead king speaks from the tomb in support of his son Sesostris, now holding the throne in spite of strong opposition, and violently denounces the ungrateful ruffians who murdered him. It seems probable that Manetho' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3 See Ägyptische Inschriften aus den Museen zu Berlin, I p257, for a stele at Semneh with an inscription in which the great Sesôstris pours contempt upon his enemies, the Nubians. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4 For the sexual symbols represented upon pillars, see Hdt. II.102, 106, Diod. Sic. I.55.8: cf. the representation of mutilated captives on one of the walls of the Ramesseum, Diod. Sic. I.48.2. It has been suggested that Herodotus, who saw the pillars of Sesostris in Palestine, may possibly have mistaken an Assyrian for an Egyptian relief. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5 For other names of Amenemhêt III, see note on Marês, App. II, No. 35, p224. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6 The Labyrinth is correctly attributed by Manetho to Amenemhêt III, who built it as his mortuary temple (contrast Herodotus, II.148, who assigns this monument to the Dodecarchy). The Fayûm was a place of great importance during this dynasty, from Amenemhêt I onwards. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The description of the nome as " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7 The items given add to 182 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 8 The Armenian has a word here for " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 9 Karst translates this word by "das höhlenwendelgangförmige" | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 10 Dynasty XIII, 1790-c. 1700 B.C. In the Turin Papyrus there is a corresponding group of sixty kings: see the list in Meyer, Geschichte5, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 11 Dynasties XIV‑XVII, the Hyksôs Age: c. 1700-1580 B.C. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XIV. Nothing is known of the kings of Dynasty XIV, whose seat was at Xoïs (Sakha) in the West Delta — an island and town in the Sebennytic nome (Strabo, 17.1.19). They were not rulers of Upper Egypt, but probably of the West Delta only. At this period there was, it is probable, another contemporary dynasty in Upper Egypt (Dynasty XVII of Manetho). | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the Turin Papyrus there is a long series of rulers' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 12 The invasion of the Hyksôs took place at some time in Dynasty XIII: hence the succeeding anarchy in a period of foreign domination. The later Egyptians looked back upon it as the Jews did upon the Babylonian captivity, or the English upon the Danish terror. The keen desire of the Egyptians to forget about the Hyksôs usurpation accounts in part for our ignorance of what actually happened: "it is with apparent unwillingness that they chronicle any events connected with it" (Peet, Egypt and the Old Testament, p69). In Egyptian texts the " | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the first half of the second millennium B.C. the Hyksôs ruled a great kingdom in Palestine and Syria (Meyer, Geschichte5, | ||
+ | |||
+ | A dim tradition of Hyksôs-rule is possibly preserved in Herodotus, II.128. Perhaps "the shepherd Philitis" | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 13 The word " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 14 Cf. Manetho, Fr. 88. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 15 This account of the Hyksôs invasion is obviously derived from popular Egyptian tales, the characteristics of which are deeply imprinted upon it. Meyer (Geschichte5, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 16 See Fr. 38, n. 3. | ||
+ | Thayer' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 17 The success of the Hyksôs may have been due to superior archery and to the use of horse-drawn chariots, previously unknown in Egypt (Maspero, Hist. Anc. II p51; Petrie, Hyksos and Israelite Cities, p70; H. R. Hall, Anc. Hist. of Near East8, p213), as well as to superior weapons of bronze (H. R. Hall, C. A. H. I p291 n., 312 f.). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 18 The name may be Semitic (cf. Hebr. shallit), but it has not been found on the monuments. Possibly it is not strictly a proper name, but rather a title like " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 19 Cf. § 90. Manetho regards as historically true the Greek tales of the great Assyrian Empire of Ninus and Semiramis. The period referred to here is much earlier than the time when Assyria began to harass the Mediterranean regions. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 20 If " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 21 For Bubastis see Fr. 8 n. 2. The Bubastite branch is the farthest E., the next being the Tanitic. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 22 Auaris, in Ancient Egyptian Hetwaʿret, "town of the desert strip," | ||
+ | |||
+ | Meanwhile, a new identification of Pi‑Raʿmessês had been suggested: by excavation M. Hamza (Annales du Service des Antiquités de l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 1906 Petrie discovered at Kantîr a vast fortified encampment of Hyksôs date and a Hyksôs cemetery: see Petrie, Hyksôs and Israelite Cities, pp3‑16 (the earthwork ramparts of the camp were intended to protect an army of chariots). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 23 See Fr. 54, § 237, for its connexion with Seth-Typhon, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 24 Of these Hyksôs names Bnôn and Apachnan are unexplained. Apôpi (the name of several kings — at least three), and perhaps Asêth (Assis), seem to be pure Egyptian: Iannas is presumed to be Khian, whose cartouche turned up surprisingly and significantly on the lid of an alabastron in the Palace of Minos at Knossos in Crete, as well as on a basalt lion from Baghdad. On Khian, see Griffith in Proc. of Soc. of Bibl. Arch. XIX (1897), pp294 f., 297. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 25 In his History (and for short reigns in the Epitome, see e.g. Dynasty XXVII) Manetho reckoned by months as well as by years, like the Turin Papyrus and the Palermo Stone: see Intro. pp. xxii f.º | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 26 Hyksôs, " | ||
+ | |||
+ | "The Hyksôs, like the foreign Kassite Dynasty in Babylonia, adopted the higher culture of the conquered country" | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 27 This is correct: for the Egyptian word śʾsw, " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 28 In a papyrus (2/3c A.D.) quoted by Wilcken in Archiv für Pap. III (1906), pp188 ff. (Chrestomathie, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 29 Josephus, in revising this treatise just as he revised his Antiquities, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 30 This appears to be a Jewish explanation (§ 91), to harmonize with the story of Joseph. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 31 The reference here is to the Egyptian word ḥʾḳ, " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 32 This number of years, much too high for the length of the Hyksôs sway in Egypt, may perhaps refer to the whole period of their rule in Palestine and Syria: see A. Jirku, in Journ. of the Palestine Orient. Soc. XII, 1932, p51 n. 4. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 33 Misphragmuthôsis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Weill, La fin du moyen empire égyptien, p95, explains the error by assuming that the exploit of the capture of Auaris was usurped by Tuthmôsis IV, as it was usurped earlier by Hatshepsut and later by Ramessês III. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Breasted (C. A. H. II p83) holds that, since with the catastrophic fall of Kadesh on the Orontes before the arms of Tuthmôsis III the last vestige of the Hyksôs power disappeared, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 34 Lit. "with a circumference of 10,000 arûrae" | ||
+ | Thayer' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 35 240,000 — the number of the garrison mentioned in § 78, where they are described as " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 36 On the origin of " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 37 Cf. § 83 for the same information, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 38 Cf. O. T. Genesis xlvi.32‑34, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 39 In the Biblical narrative Joseph told the chief butler or cup‑bearer (Genesis xl.15). The margin of the Florentine MS. has a note on this passage: "In another copy (i.e. of the treatise Against Apion) the following reading was found — 'he was sold by his brethren and brought down into Egypt to the king of Egypt; and later, again, with the king's consent, summoned his brethren to Egypt' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 40 The reference seems to be to Fr. 54, § 227 ff., but ἐν ἄλλοις usually refers to a separate work. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 41 Africanus gives a less correct list than Josephus (cf. the transposition of Apôphis to the end): there is further corruption in Eusebius (Fr. 48) and the Book of Sôthis (App. IV). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 42 This statement of the Phoenician origin of the Hyksôs kings has generally been discredited until recently: now the Ras esh‑Shamra tablets, which imply a pantheon strikingly similar to that of the Hyksôs, have shown that the Hyksôs were closely related to the Phoenicians. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 43 See p80 n. 3. The Saïte nome proper, as opposed to this " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 44 For Iannas (in Josephus), the Khian of the Monuments, see p83 n. 2. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 45 Archlês here, and in Eusebius (Fr. 48), corresponds with Assis (or Aseth) in Josephus (Fr. 42, § 80); but the change in the form of the name is extraordinary. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 46 The length of reign (61 years, as in Josephus) leads one to believe that Africanus has transposed Apôphis from the 4th place to the 6th; but in point of fact the last Hyksôs king whom we know by name was called Apepi. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 47 Barbarus gives 318 years (p23, XV); Meyer conjectures that the true number is 418 (Aeg. Chron. p99). Contrast Fr. 42, § 84 (511 years). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 48 See H. E. Winlock, "Tombs of the Seventeenth Dynasty at Thebes," | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 49 Barbarus gives 221 years (p23, XVI). According to Manetho the total length of the foreign usurpation probably was 929 years (260 in Josephus + 518 + 151). Josephus (Fr. 42, § 84) gives 511 years. These statements, even if based on actual traditions, have no weight as compared with the certain data of the Monuments. The almost complete lack of buildings of the Hyksôs time and the close connexion of the Thebans of Dynasty XVII with those of Dynasty XIII tend to show that the Hyksôs rule in the Nile Valley lasted for about a hundred and twenty years, c. 1700-1580 B.C. Under one of the Theban kings, Taʿo, who bore the epithet "The Brave," | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 50 This must be a mistake of transcription: | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 51 See Fr. 42, § 78, n. 3, Fr. 43, n. 4. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 52 See p95 n. 3. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 53 See p80 n. 3. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 54 The Armenian text of this sentence is rather difficult, but Professor Margoliouth, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 55 See p95 n. 3. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 56 See p80 n. 3. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 57 The addition of 5 days (not 6, as above) to the short year of 360 days was made long before the Hyksôs age: it goes back to at least the Pyramid Age, and probably earlier. The introduction of the calendar, making an artificial reconciliation of the lunar and solar years, perhaps as early as 4236 B.C., is believed to give the earliest fixed date in human history: see V. Gordon Childe, New Light on the Most Ancient East, 1934, pp 5 f. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 58 The New Kingdom: Dynasties XVIII‑XX: c. 1580-c. 1100 B.C. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XVIII c. 1580-1310 B.C. | ||
+ | |||
+ | For identification with the monumental evidence which is firmly established, | ||
+ | |||
+ | The remaining kings of the dynasty are: Amenôphis IV (Akhnaten, see p123 n. 1), Semenkhkarêʿ (? Acenchêrês), | ||
+ | |||
+ | For Dynasty XIX, see p148 n. 1. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 59 Tethmôsis = Amôsis: see note on Misphragmuthôsis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 60 Howard Carter (Tutankhamen, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 61 Miamûn = Mey‑amûn, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 62 The margin of the Florentine MS. has a note here: "The following reading was found in another copy: 'After him Sethôsis and Ramessês, two brothers. The former, with a strong fleet, blockaded his murderous (?) adversaries by sea. Not long after, he slew Ramessês and appointed another of his brothers, Harmaïs, as viceroy of Egypt.' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Meyer, Aeg. Chron. p91, considers the words "also called Ramessês" | ||
+ | |||
+ | W. Struve (see p148 n. 1) would here emend Sethôs into Sesôs, which was a name of Ramesês II: according to the monuments he reigned for 67 years (cf. Fr. 55, 2), and his triumphant Asiatic campaigns were told by Hecataeus of Abdera (Osymandyas in Diodorus Siculus, I.47 ff.). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 63 A frequent title from the Old Kingdom onwards is " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 64 See Fr. 54, § 274, n. 1 (pp140‑141). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 65 With the return of Sethôsis to a country in revolt, cf. Herodotus, II.107 (return of Sesostris and the perilous banquet), Diod. Sic. I.57.6‑8. The tale appears to be a piece of folklore (Maspero, Journ. des Savants, 1901, pp599, 665 ff.). See Wainwright, Sky‑Religion, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 66 Danaus: cf. § 231. See Meyer, Aeg. Chron. p75, for the theory that the identification of Sethôs and Harmaïs with Aegyptus and Danaus is due, not to Manetho, but to a Jewish commentator or interpolator. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The tradition is that Danaus, a king of Egypt, was expelled by his brother and fled to Argos with his fifty daughters, and there "the sons of Aegyptus" | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 67 This total is reckoned from Tethmôsis (Amôsis) to the end of the reign of Sethôsis, the latter being taken as 60 years (cf. § 231, where Sethôs is said to have reigned for 59 years after driving out Hermaeus). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 68 The mythical King Inachus was held to be still more ancient: cf. Fr. 4, 1 (p19 n. 4). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 69 The traditional date of the Trojan war is 1192‑1183 B.C. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 70 This appears to be about four times too high a figure: 250 years would be a nearer estimate. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 71 Cf. Fr. 54, §§ 229, 287, for Manetho' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 72 This list of Dynasties XVIII, XIX is obviously derived wholly from Josephus, any variations from the text of Josephus being merely corruptions. Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch, wrote his apologia for the Christian faith (three books addressed to a friend Autolycus) in the second half of the 2c A.D. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 73 See p100 n. 1. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 74 See p101 n. 2. On the basis of new evidence scholars now tend to conclude that the Exodus took place c. 1445 B.C. (see e.g. J. W. Jack, The Date of the Exodus, 1925): Jericho fell c. 1400 B.C. (J. Garstang, The Heritage of Solomon, 1934, p281). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 75 I.e. Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 76 I.e. by Syncellus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 77 This Greek transcription of " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 78 This note about Memnôn in both Africanus and Eusebius should be transferred to the ninth king of the dynasty, Ôrus or Amenôphis III. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The reference is to the two monolithic colossi of Amenôphis III (Baedeker8, pp345 f.): see Pausanias, I.42 (the Thebans say it was a statue not of Memnôn, but of Phamenôph, who dwelt in those parts) with J. G. Frazer' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 79 For possible identifications of Nos. 10, 12, and 13 see p101 n. 1. Nos. 14, 15, and 16 should be transferred to Dynasty XIX: see p148 n. 1. Armesis (Armaïs) is probably Haremhab; Ramessês, vizier of Haremhab and afterwards Ramessês I, was probably of Heliopolitan origin (P. E. Newberry). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 80 See p113 n. 1. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 81 According to O. T. 1 Kings vi.1, the building of Solomon' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 82 Cf. "the botch (or boil) of Egypt" (perhaps elephantiasis), | ||
+ | Thayer' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 83 This number seems to be obtained by adding 393 + 59 + 66: in that case the reign of Sethôsis is counted twice, (1) as 60, (2) as 59 years (cf. Fr. 50, § 103). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 84 Ôr, or Hôrus, is the ninth king in Manetho' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 85 For this Amenôphis, a historical personage, later deified (cf. the deification of Imhotep, Fr. 11), Amenḥotpe, | ||
+ | |||
+ | An ostracon, found at Deir-el‑Bahri, | ||
+ | |||
+ | For the historical interpretation of this whole passage, §§ 232‑251, see Meyer, Geschichte2, | ||
+ | |||
+ | For a theory about the identity of the polluted (they are the troops of Sethôs I, sent to Tanis by his father Ramessês I during the ascendancy of Haremhab), see P. Montet, "La Stèle de l'An 400 Retrouvée," | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 86 In an incredibly short time (§ 257). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 87 The quarries of Tura were known to Herodotus (II.124) as the source of building-stone for the Pyramids. | ||
+ | |||
+ | On forced labour in quarries in Ptolemaic times, Reinach refers to Bouché-Leclercq, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 88 Cf. Fr. 42, § 78. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 89 Osarsêph, the leader of the movement, is later (§ 250) identified with Moses. The name Osarsêph is a possible Egyptian name: cf. Ranke, Personennamen I p85, No. 3 wsı͗r‑spʾ. Wilcken (Chrestomathie, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 90 "Does the author know that the Decalogue begins with an admonition to have no other god but Jehovah? Or does he recall Greek lists of duties (Xen., Mem. IV.4, 19; Carmen Aureum, V.1; cf. Dieterich, Nekyia, pp146 f.) which inculcate reverence for the gods as the first precept?" | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 91 Cf. Tac., Hist. V.4: the Jews under Moses sacrificed the ram as if to insult Ammôn, and the bull, because the Egyptians worship Apis. Cf. O. T. Leviticus xvi.3. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 92 Tethmôsis for Amôsis, as in Fr. 50 (§ 94). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 93 Rapsês: doubtless an error for Rampsês. There is confusion here: the grandfather is Ramessês II. See Meyer (Aeg. Chron. p91), who considers the words " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 94 A curious indefiniteness: | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 95 The truth is that Ethiopia (Nubia, Cush) was at that time a province of the kingdom of the Pharaohs. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 96 According to Meyer (Aeg. Chron. p77), this section with its identification of Osarsêph and Moses is due to an anti-Semitic commentator on Manetho. It is interesting that Osiris should be thus identified with the mysterious god of the Jews, whose name must not be uttered. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 97 Cf. Hecataeus of Abdera (in Diodorus Siculus, XL.3): the Jews are foreigners expelled from Egypt because of a plague. See Meyer, Geschichte2, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 98 A strange expression which seems to belong to an anti-Semitic polemic. In Josephus, C. Apion II.263 (a passage about Socrates), νὴ Δία has been restored to the text by Niese' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 99 The passage §§ 260‑266 repeats unnecessarily the substance of §§ 237‑250: possibly these are extracts from two treatises utilizing the same material. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 100 In § 245 we are told that Amenôphis himself led his host in this useless march, and that his son was only 5 years old. Only here is Pêlusium mentioned as the destination of the march. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Pêlusium, "the celebrated eastern seaport and key to Egypt" (Baedeker8, pp197 f.), the famous frontier fortress, in ancient Egyptian Śnw. A scarab of the late Twelfth Dynasty or early Thirteenth, published by Newberry in J. Eg. Arch. XVIII (1932), p141, shows the place-name within the fortress-sign. The name Pêlusium is from πηλός " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 101 518 years. See n. on § 230. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 102 For the laws of leprosy, here summarized, see O. T. Leviticus xiii (especially 45 f.) and xiv. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 103 Cf. O. T. Leviticus xxi.17‑23 (exclusion from the priesthood of anyone "that hath a blemish" | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 104 The same etymology (with the necessary addition that ὐσῆς means " | ||
+ | |||
+ | See further Alan H. Gardiner, "The Egyptian Origin of some English Personal Names," | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 105 Dynasty XIX: c. 1310‑1200 B.C. The lists given by Africanus and Eusebius for Dynasty XIX are in very bad confusion. Armaïs (Haremhab) should begin the line, which Meyer gives as follows:— | ||
+ | |||
+ | Haremhab: Ramessês I: Sethôs I: Ramessês II (the Louis Quatorze of Egyptian history: 67 years, see Breasted, Anc. Rec. IV § 471; C. A. H. II pp139 ff.): Merneptah: Amenmesês: Merneptah II. Siptah: Sethôs II: Ramessês Siptah: Sethôs II: Ramessês Siptah: <Arus the Syrian>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | W. Struve (De Ara ἀπὸ Μενόφρεως und die XIX. Dynastie Manethos, in Zeitschr. für äg. Sprache, Bd. 63 (1928), pp45‑50) gives a revised sequence with additional identifications: | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 106 The Fall of Troy was traditionally dated 1183 B.C.; cf. p107 n. 3. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In Homer, Odyssey, IV.126, a golden distaff and a silver work-basket with wheels beneath and golden rims, — treasures in the palace of Menelaus at Sparta, — are described as gifts to Helen from " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ❦ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 107 For the corrected total of Book II, see Fr. 4, n. 4 (246 or 289 kings for 2221 years). The wide difference between the number of kings (96 or 92 as compared with 246 or 289) is puzzling: Meyer conjectures that about 150 or 193 of the larger numbers were ephemeral or co‑regents. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | ===== Book III ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XX | ||
+ | ==== Fr. 57 (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | From the Third Book of Manetho. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twentieth Dynasty1 consisted of twelve kings of Diospolis, who reigned for 135 years. | ||
+ | (b) According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | From the Third Book of Manetho. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twentieth Dynasty consisted of twelve kings of Diospolis, who reigned for 178 years. | ||
+ | (c) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | From the Third Book of Manetho. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twentieth Dynasty consisted of twelve kings of Diospolis, who reigned for 172 years. | ||
+ | Dynasty XXI | ||
+ | ==== Fr. 58 (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-first Dynasty2 consisted of seven kings of Tanis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Smendês,3 for 26 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Psusen(n)ês I,4 for 46 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Nephercherês (Nephelcherês), | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Amenôphthis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Osochôr, for 6 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Psinachês, for 9 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. Psusennes [II] (Susennês), | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 130 years.5 | ||
+ | ==== Fr. 59 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-first Dynasty consisted of seven kings of Tanis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Smendis, for 26 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Psusennês, for 41 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Nephercherês, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Amenôphthis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Osochôr, for 6 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Psinachês, for 9 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. Psusennês, for 35 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 130 years. | ||
+ | (b) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-first Dynasty consisted of seven kings of Tanis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Smendis, for 26 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Psusennes, for 41 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Nephercheres, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Amenophthis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Osochor, for 6 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Psinnaches, for 9 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. Psusennes, for 35 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 130 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XXII | ||
+ | ==== Fr. 60 (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-second Dynasty6 consisted of nine kings of Bubastus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Sesônchis, for 21 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Osorthôn,7 for 15 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3, 4, 5. Three other kings, for 25 [29] years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Takelôthis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7, 8, 9. Three other kings, for 42 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 120 years.8 | ||
+ | Fr. 61 (a) (from Syncellus). According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-second Dynasty consisted of three kings of Bubastus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Sesônchôsis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Osorthôn, for 15 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Takelôthis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 49 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-second Dynasty consisted of three kings of Bubastus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Sesonchosis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Osorthon,9 for 15 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Tacelothis, for 13 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 49 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XXIII | ||
+ | ==== Fr. 62 (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-third Dynasty10 consisted of four kings of Tanis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Petubatês, for 40 years: in his reign the Olympic festival11 was first celebrated. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Osorchô, for 8 years: the Egyptians call him Hêraclês.12 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Psammûs, for 10 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Zêt,13 for 31 years (34). | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 89 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 63 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-third Dynasty consisted of three kings of Tanis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Petubastis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Osorthôn, for 9 years: the Egyptians called him Hêraclês. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Psammûs, for 10 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 44 years. | ||
+ | (b) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-third Dynasty consisted of three kings of Tanis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Petubastis, for 25 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Osorthon, whom the Egyptians named Hercules: for 9 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Psammus, for 10 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 44 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XXIV | ||
+ | ==== Fr. 64 (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-fourth Dynasty.15 | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bochchôris of Saïs, for 6 years: in his reign a lamb16 spoke17 . . . 990 years. | ||
+ | Fr. 65 (a) (from Syncellus). According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-fourth Dynasty. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bochchôris of Saïs, for 44 years: in his reign a lamb spoke. Total, 44 years.18 | ||
+ | p167 (b) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-fourth Dynasty. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Bocchoris of Saïs, for 44 years: in his reign a lamb spoke. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XXV | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 66 (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-fifth Dynasty19 consisted of three Ethiopian kings. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Sabacôn,20 who, taking Bochchôris captive, burned him alive, and reigned for 8 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Sebichôs, his son, for 14 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Tarcus,21º for 18 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 40 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 67 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-fifth Dynasty consisted of three Ethiopian kings. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Sabacôn, who, taking Bochchôris captive, burned him alive, and reigned for 12 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Sebichôs, his son, for 12 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Taracus, for 20 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 44 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-fifth Dynasty consisted of three Ethiopian kings. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Sabacon, who, taking Bocchoris captive, burned him alive, and reigned for 12 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Sebichos, his son, for 12 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Saracus (Taracus), for 20 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 44 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XXVI | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 68 (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-sixth Dynasty22 consisted of nine kings of Saïs. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Stephinatês, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Nechepsôs, for 6 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Nechaô, for 8 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Psammêtichus, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Nechaô24 the Second, for 6 years: he took Jerusalem, and led King Iôachaz captive into Egypt. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Psammuthis the Second, for 6 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. Uaphris,25 for 19 years: the remnant of the Jews fled to him, when Jerusalem was captured by the Assyrians. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 8. Amôsis,26 for 44 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Psammecheritês, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 150 years 6 months. | ||
+ | ==== Fr. 69 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-sixth Dynasty consisted of nine kings of Saïs. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Ammeris the Ethiopian, for 12 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Stephinathis, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Nechepsôs, for 6 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Nechaô, for 8 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Psammêtichus, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Nechaô the Second, for 6 years: he took Jerusalem, and led King Iôachaz captive into Egypt. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. Psammuthis the Second, also called Psammêtichus, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 8. Uaphris, for 25 years: the remnant of the Jews fled to him, when Jerusalem was captured by the Assyrians. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 9. Amôsis, for 42 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 163 years.28 | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-sixth Dynasty consisted of nine kings of Saïs. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Ameres the Ethiopian, for 18 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Stephinathes, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Nechepsos, for 6 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Nechao, for 8 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Psametichus, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Nechao the Second, for 6 years: he took Jerusalem, and led King Ioachaz captive into Egypt. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. Psammuthes the Second, also called Psammetichus, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 8. Uaphres, for 25 years: the remnant of the Jews took refuge with him, when Jerusalem was subjugated by the Assyrians. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 9. Amosis, for 42 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 167 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XXVII | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 70 (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-seventh Dynasty29 consisted of eight Persian kings. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Cambysês in the fifth year of his kingship over the Persians became king of Egypt and ruled for 6 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Darius, son of Hystaspês, for 36 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Xerxês the Great, for 21 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Artabanus, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Artaxerxês, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Xerxês,32 for 2 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. Sogdianus, for 7 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 8. Darius, son of Xerxês, for 19 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 124 years 4 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 71 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-seventh Dynasty consisted of eight Persian kings. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Cambysês in the fifth year of his kingship became king of Egypt, and ruled for 3 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Magi, for 7 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Darius, for 36 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Xerxês, son of Darius, for 21 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Artaxerxês of the long hand, for 40 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Xerxês the Second, for 2 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. Sogdianus, for 7 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 8. Darius, son of Xerxês, for 19 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 120 years 4 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-seventh Dynasty consisted of eight Persian kings. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Cambysês in the fifth33 year of his kingship became king of Egypt, and ruled for 3 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Magi, for 7 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Darius, for 36 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Xerxes, son of Darius, for 21 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Artaxerxes, for 40 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Xerxes the Second, for 2 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. Sogdianus, for 7 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 8. Darius, son of Xerxes, for 19 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 120 years 4 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XXVIII | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 72 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-eighth Dynasty.34 Amyrteos of Saïs, for 6 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-eighth Dynasty. Amyrtaeus of Saïs, for 6 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (c) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-eighth Dynasty. Amyrtes of Saïs, for 6 years.35 | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XXIX | ||
+ | ==== Fr. 73 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-ninth Dynasty:36 four kings of Mendês. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Nepheritês, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Achôris, for 13 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Psammuthis, for 1 year. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Nepheritês [II], for 4 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 20 years 4 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-ninth Dynasty: four kings37 of Mendês. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Nepheritês, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Achôris, for 13 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Psammuthis, for 1 year. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Nepheritês [II], for 4 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Muthis, for 1 year. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 21 years 4 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (c) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Twenty-ninth Dynasty consisted of four kings of Mendês. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Nepherites, for 6 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Achoris, for 13 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Psamuthes, for 1 year. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Muthes, for 1 year. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Nepheritês [II], for 4 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 21 years and 4 months. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XXX | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 74 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Thirtieth Dynasty38 consisted of three kings of Sebennytus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Nectanebês, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Teôs, for 2 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Nectanebus, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 38 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Thirtieth Dynasty consisted of three kings of Sebennytus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Nectanebês, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Teôs, for 2 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Nectanebus, for 8 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 20 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (c) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Thirtieth Dynasty consisted of 3 kings of Sebennytus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Nectanebes, for 10 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Teos, for 2 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Nectanebus, for 8 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total, 20 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XXXI | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Fr. 75 (a) (from Syncellus). ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | According to Africanus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Thirty-first Dynasty40 consisted of three Persian kings. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Ôchus in the twentieth year41 of his kingship over the Persians became king of Egypt, and ruled for 2 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Arsês, for 3 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Darius, for 4 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Total of years in Book III, 1050 years42 [850]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Here ends the History of Manetho. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) According to Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Thirty-first Dynasty consisted of three Persian kings. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Ôchus in the twentieth year of his kingship over the Persians conquered Egypt, and ruled for 6 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. His successor was Arsês, son of Ôchus, who reigned for 4 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Next, Darius reigned for 6 years: he was put to death by Alexander of Macedon. | ||
+ | |||
+ | These are the contents of the Third Book of Manetho. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Here ends the History of Manetho. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (c) Armenian Version of Eusebius. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Thirty-first Dynasty consisted of Persian kings. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Ochus in the twentieth year of his kingship over the Persians seized Egypt and held it for 6 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. His successor was Arses, son of Ochus, who reigned for 4 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Next, Darius reigned for 6 years: he was put to death by Alexander of Macedon. | ||
+ | |||
+ | These are the contents of the Third Book43 of Manetho. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Editor' | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1 Dynasty XX c. 1200‑1090 B.C. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Setnakht: Ramessês III c. 1200‑1168: | ||
+ | |||
+ | A revised list of Dynasty XX is given by Newberry in Elliot Smith and Warren Dawson, Egyptian Mummies, 1924: see also T. E. Peet in J. Eg. Arch. XIV (1928), pp52 f. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2 Dynasty XXI, resident at Tanis, c. 1090‑950 B.C. (a dark period in Egyptian history). For identifications with monumental and other evidence see Meyer, Geschichte2, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3 For Smendês or Nesbenebded, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4 In Egyptian, Psusennes is Psukheʿmnê, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5 Actual total of items, 114 years. Eusebius is probably correct with 41 years for 2nd king and 35 years for 7th (Meyer). | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6 Dynasty XXII c. 950‑730 B.C., kings of Libyan origin resident at Bubastis. For identifications with the monumental and other evidence see Meyer, Geschichte2, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7 The name Osorthôn is another form of Osorchô (Dynasty XXIII No. 2 — Africanus), the Egyptian Osorkon. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 8 Actual total of items, 116 years. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 9 Osorthôs (Aucher, Karst). | ||
+ | |||
+ | 10 Dynasty XXIII, resident at Tanis: the records of these kings (dated by Breasted 745‑718 B.C.) are much confused. The name Petubatês (see Fr. 63 for the usual Grecized form Petubastis) represents the Egyptian Pedibaste. For King Osorcho (Osorkon III) see the stele of Piankhi, king of Ethiopia, whose vassal Osorkon became (Breasted, Anc. Rec. IV §§ 807, 811, 872, 878). Psammûs has not been identified. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 11 The date of the first Olympic festival was conventionally fixed at 776‑775 B.C. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 12 See G. A. Wainwright, Sky‑Religion, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 13 The fact that the name Zêt, occurring in Africanus alone, is wrapped in obscurity, has led Flinders Petrie to suggest ("The Mysterious Zêt" in Ancient Egypt, 1914, p32) that the Greek letters are a contraction for ζητεῖται or other word connected with ζητέω, meaning "A question (remains)," | ||
+ | |||
+ | 14 For a demotic romance of the time of Petubastis in one of the Rainer Papyri, see Krall in Vienna Oriental Journal, XVII (1903), 1: it is also found in papyri of Paris and Strassburg. Parallels may be drawn between this romance and Manetho; cf. Spiegelberg, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 15 Dynasty XXIV, c. 720-c. 715 B.C. Before Bocchoris, his father Tefnachte of Saïs (Tnephachthus in Diodorus Siculus, I.45.2) became the most powerful among the chiefs of the Delta (c. 730‑720 B.C.). | ||
+ | |||
+ | For King Bocchoris see Alexandre Moret, De Bocchori Rege, 1903. Cf. Diodorus Siculus, I.65, 79.1 (law of contract: Bocchoris legislated for commerce), and 94.5. See Breasted, Anc. Rec. IV § 884: the only extant monuments of King Bocchoris are a few Serapeum stelae and a wall inscription, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 16 See especially the demotic story (8 B.C.) of the prophetic lamb, quoted by Krall in Festgaben für Büdinger, pp3‑11 (Innsbruck, 1898): the lamb prophesied the conquest and enslavement of Egypt by Assyria, and the removal of her gods to Nineveh. Cf. Aelian, De Nat. Anim. XII.3, and Manetho, Fr. 54, §§ 232 ff. A reference to Manetho' | ||
+ | |||
+ | 17 Here some essential words have been omitted from the text. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 18 Contrast the "6 years" assigned to Bocchoris by Africanus (Fr. 64): it is suspicious that Eusebius should give 44 years for each of Dynasties XXIII, XXIV, and XXV. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 19 Dynasty XXV (Ethiopian), | ||
+ | |||
+ | 20 Cf. Herodotus, II.137 (Sabacôs). | ||
+ | |||
+ | Shabaka had a great reputation for mildness and kind rule: Petrie (Religious Life, 1924, pp193 f.) explains that Bochchoris was treated like a mock king in the ancient festival, the burning ceremonially destroying his kingly character. See Wainwright, Sky‑Religion, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 21 Taharka: in O. T. 2 Kings xix.9, Tirhakah, King of Ethiopia. See Peet, Egypt and the Old Testament, 1922, pp175 ff. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 22 Dynasty XXVI, 663‑525 B.C. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Saïs (see p91 n. 4), now grown in power, with foreign aid asserts independence, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 23 Psammêtichus I (Psametik) = Psammêtk, "man, or vendor, of mixed wine," cf. Herodotus, II.151 (Griffith in Catalogue of Demotic Papyri in the Rylands Library, III pp44, 201). See Diod. Sic. I.66, 67. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 24 Nechaô is an old name, an Egyptian plural form, " | ||
+ | |||
+ | 25 Uaphris or Apries, in Egyptian Waḥibprêʿ, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 26 Amôsis should be Amasis (Ia' | ||
+ | |||
+ | On the character of Amasis, "the darling of the people and of popular legend," | ||
+ | |||
+ | 27 Psammêtichus III, defeated by Cambyses the Persian, 525 B.C. The three Psametiks are differentiated as Psammêtichus, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 28 If 44 years are assigned to (5) Psammêtichus, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 29 Persian Domination, 525‑332 B.C. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XXVII, 525‑404 B.C. After conquering Egypt, Cambyses reigned three years, 525/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | An interesting papyrus fragment (P. Baden 4 No. 59: 5c A.D. — see the facsimile in Plate III) contains this Dynasty in a form which differs in some respects from the versions given by Africanus and Eusebius. Like Eusebius the papyrus inserts the Magi, and calls Artaxerxês "the Long-handed" | ||
+ | |||
+ | 30 Artabanus, vizier, and murderer of Xerxês I, 465 B.C. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 31 Artaxerxês I, " | ||
+ | |||
+ | 32 Xerxês II was murdered by his half-brother Sogdianus, who was in turn defeated and put to death in 423 B.C. by another half-brother Ochus (Darius II, nicknamed Nothos, "the Illegitimate" | ||
+ | |||
+ | 33 The Armenian text has " | ||
+ | |||
+ | 34 Dynasty XXVIII‑XXX, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dynasty XXVIII, Amyrtaeus of Saïs, 404‑399 B.C.: no Egyptian king of this name is known on the monuments. See Werner Schur in Klio, XX 1926, pp273 ff. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 35 6 years (Aucher, Karst): 6 months (Müller). The Armenian words for " | ||
+ | |||
+ | 36 Dynasty XXIX, resident at Mendês in E. Delta (Baedeker8, p183), 398‑381 B.C. On the sequence of these rulers see H. R. Hall in C. A. H. VI p145 and n. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 37 Muthis or Muthês was a usurper, hence the number of kings is given as four. He is unknown to the Monuments. Aucher suggests that the name Muthis may be merely a repetition, curtailed, of the name Psammuthis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 38 Dynasty XXX, resident at Sebennytus (see Intro. p. xiii),º 380‑343 B.C.: Nectanebês I (Nekhtenêbef), | ||
+ | |||
+ | It is certain that Manetho knew only 30 dynasties and ended with the conquest of Egypt by Ôchus: see Unger, Chronol. des Manetho, pp334 f. Under Olymp. 107 (i.e. 352‑348 B.C.), Jerome (Chronicle, p203 Fotheringham, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 39 For the later renown of this king as magician in popularlegend, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 40 Dynasty XXXI is not due to Manetho, but was added later to preserve the continuity, — perhaps with the use of material furnished by Manetho himself. No total is given by Africanus and Eusebius, — a further proof that the whole Dynasty is additional. In another passage (p486) Syncellus states: " | ||
+ | |||
+ | 41 The 20th year of the kingship of Ôchus was 343 B.C.: the phrase is parallel to that used in Fr. 70, 1, and appears therefore to be Manetho' | ||
+ | |||
+ | 42 The totals given by Africanus in Book III are 135, 130, 120, 89, 6, 40, 150+, 124+, 6, 20+, 38, i.e. 858+ years. To reduce to 850, assign 116 years to Dynasty XXII (as the items add), and 120 to Dynasty XXVII (Meyer). | ||
+ | |||
+ | 43 Third Book (Aucher, Karst): Second Book (Müller). The Armenian words for " | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ |
text/history_of_egypt.txt · Last modified: 2014/01/15 11:57 by 127.0.0.1