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====== Library ====== | ====== Library ====== | ||
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[[archaic: | [[archaic: | ||
- | After the 8th Century BC, Greece emerged from a period of disorder following the collpse of Mycenean civilization. The Archaic Age was a kind of renaissance marked by the rise of colonization and the nascence of commercial activity. These developments brought about civil strife and social inequality along with opportunity. These struggles led to new forms of governance like tyranny and the greater participation in political life. In this period, a kind of self-conscious poetry developed in which the role of the author and his personality | + | **Acusilaus of Argos, Aesop, Alcmaeon of Croton, Anaximander, |
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+ | After the 8th Century BC, Greece emerged from a period of disorder following the collpse of Mycenean civilization. The Archaic Age was a kind of renaissance marked by the rise of colonization and the nascence of commercial activity. These developments brought about civil strife and social inequality along with opportunity. These struggles led to new forms of governance like tyranny and the greater participation in political life. In this period, a kind of self-conscious poetry developed in which the role of the author and his personality | ||
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[[classical: | [[classical: | ||
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+ | **Aeneas Tacitus, Aeschines, Aeschylus, Agathon, Alcibiades, Anaxagoras, Andocides, Antimachus, Antiphon the Orator, Antiphon the Sophist, Aphareus, Archelaus, Archytas, Aristophanes, | ||
The Classical Period was a 200 year period in Greek culture lasting from the 5th through 4th centuries BC. This era had a powerful and lasting influence on the Roman Empire and greatly influenced the foundations of Western Civilization. Much of modern Western politics, artistic thought, such as architecture, | The Classical Period was a 200 year period in Greek culture lasting from the 5th through 4th centuries BC. This era had a powerful and lasting influence on the Roman Empire and greatly influenced the foundations of Western Civilization. Much of modern Western politics, artistic thought, such as architecture, | ||
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[[hellenistic: | [[hellenistic: | ||
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+ | **Anaxarchus of Abdera, Apollonius Rhodius, Archimedes, Crates of Thebes, Epicurus, Hecataeus of Abdera, Lycophron of Chalcis, Manetho, Menander, Nausiphanes of Teos, Polybius, Theocritus, Theocritus of Chios** | ||
The Hellenistic Period began with the ascension of Alexander and lasted into the beginnings of Roman dominion in Greece. The name " | The Hellenistic Period began with the ascension of Alexander and lasted into the beginnings of Roman dominion in Greece. The name " | ||
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[[roman: | [[roman: | ||
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+ | **Aelian, Albinus, Alciphron, Apollodorus, | ||
The Romans defeated the Macedonians in the first and second Macedonian Wars that ended in 197 BC. The victorious commander Flamininus established a protectorate over the independent city-states of Greece. The Achaean confederacy started a rebellion in 146 BC that resulted in the destruction of Corinth. Severe and oppressive restrictions were set. Rome had no consistent policy about the Greek states. They demanded only security and revenue. | The Romans defeated the Macedonians in the first and second Macedonian Wars that ended in 197 BC. The victorious commander Flamininus established a protectorate over the independent city-states of Greece. The Achaean confederacy started a rebellion in 146 BC that resulted in the destruction of Corinth. Severe and oppressive restrictions were set. Rome had no consistent policy about the Greek states. They demanded only security and revenue. | ||
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Greece under the Roman Empire, from 31 BC to 180 AD is described as the era of the //Pax Romana//, a Roman Peace between Rome and the central areas of the Empire, like Greece and the Greek East. This period is described as a period of peace and security which permitted an economical and cultural progress, especially in the cities such as Athens, Corinth, Alexandria, Miletus, Thessaloniki, | Greece under the Roman Empire, from 31 BC to 180 AD is described as the era of the //Pax Romana//, a Roman Peace between Rome and the central areas of the Empire, like Greece and the Greek East. This period is described as a period of peace and security which permitted an economical and cultural progress, especially in the cities such as Athens, Corinth, Alexandria, Miletus, Thessaloniki, | ||
- | This was also an era of religious change. Judiasm and Christianity emerged as influences on the empire, and much of their contributions | + | This was also an era of religious change. Judiasm and Christianity emerged as influences on the empire, and much of their contribution |
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[[byzantine: | [[byzantine: | ||
- | To grasp correctly the essential characteristics of Byzantine literature, it is necessary first to analyze the elements of civilization that find expression in it, and the sources whence they spring. If Byzantine literature is the expression of the intellectual life of the Greek race of the Eastern Roman Empire during the Christian Middle Ages, it is evident that there is question here of an organism not simple but multiform; a combination of Greek and Christian civilization on the common foundation of the Roman political system, set in the intellectual and ethnographic atmosphere of the Near East. In Byzantine literature, therefore, four different cultural elements are to be reckoned with: the Greek, the Christian, the Roman, and the Oriental. | + | **Eusebius, Iamblichus, Julian |
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- | The oldest | + | |
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- | While Alexandria, as an important central and conservative factor, was thus influential in confining, and during the Byzantine period, directing, the literary and linguistic life of the later Greek world, a second conservative factor is found in the influence of the Roman culture-circle on the political and judicial life of the Eastern Empire. Alexandria, the centre of intellectual refinement, is balanced by Rome, the centre of government. | + | |
- | The Oriental character of the Byzantine Church appears in its tenacious dogmatic spirit the establishment of Christian doctrines by councils, the asceticism which affected monastic life so far as to hinder the formation of regular orders with community life, and also the mad fanaticism against the Roman West and the Church, which in the eleventh century finally led to an open breach. | + | To grasp correctly the essential characteristics of Byzantine literature, it is necessary first to analyze the elements of civilization that find expression in it, and the sources whence they spring. The oldest of these three civilizations is the Greek. Its centre, however, is not Athens but Alexandria; the circle accordingly represents not the Attic but the Hellenistic civilization. Alexandria itself, however, in the history of civilization, |
Byzantine literature is classified in five groups. The first three include representatives of those kinds of literature which continued the ancient traditions: historians (including also the chroniclers), | Byzantine literature is classified in five groups. The first three include representatives of those kinds of literature which continued the ancient traditions: historians (including also the chroniclers), | ||
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[[unknown: | [[unknown: | ||
+ | **Castorion, | ||
+ | Authors whose dates cannot be determined. | ||
start.1606328802.txt.gz · Last modified: 2020/11/25 12:26 by 35.239.58.193