text:oeconomicus
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| The Works of Xenophon by H. G. Dakyns, Macmillan and Co., 1897. | The Works of Xenophon by H. G. Dakyns, Macmillan and Co., 1897. | ||
| - | ====== The Economist: Xenophon | + | ====== |
| ===== A Treatise on the Science of the Household in the form of a Dialogue ===== | ===== A Treatise on the Science of the Household in the form of a Dialogue ===== | ||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
| (1) By " | (1) By " | ||
| - | | + | but the use of the word as referring to domestic economy, the |
| - | subject matter of the treatise, would seem to be legitimate. | + | subject matter of the treatise, would seem to be legitimate. |
| (2) "The master." | (2) "The master." | ||
| (3) Lit. "the management of a household and estate." | (3) Lit. "the management of a household and estate." | ||
| - | | + | 407 B; Aristot. "Eth. N." v. 6; " |
| (4) See " | (4) See " | ||
| Line 52: | Line 52: | ||
| (6) Lit. "is it synonymous with dwelling-place, | (6) Lit. "is it synonymous with dwelling-place, | ||
| - | | + | possesses outside his dwelling-place part of his house or estate?" |
| Crit. Certainly, in my opinion at any rate, everything which a man has got, even though some portion of it may lie in another part of the world from that in which he lives, (7) forms part of his estate. | Crit. Certainly, in my opinion at any rate, everything which a man has got, even though some portion of it may lie in another part of the world from that in which he lives, (7) forms part of his estate. | ||
| Line 95: | Line 95: | ||
| (8) Reading {tout auto}, or if {tout au} with Sauppe, transl. "Yes, | (8) Reading {tout auto}, or if {tout au} with Sauppe, transl. "Yes, | ||
| - | | + | that is another position we may fairly subscribe to." |
| (9) i.e. " | (9) i.e. " | ||
| Line 104: | Line 104: | ||
| (11) Reading {pros touto o}, or if {pros touton, os}, transl. "to a | (11) Reading {pros touto o}, or if {pros touton, os}, transl. "to a | ||
| - | | + | man who did not know how to use them." |
| Crit. You seem to say, Socrates, that money itself in the pockets of a man who does not know how to use it is not wealth? | Crit. You seem to say, Socrates, that money itself in the pockets of a man who does not know how to use it is not wealth? | ||
| Line 113: | Line 113: | ||
| (12) "A dose of henbane, ' | (12) "A dose of henbane, ' | ||
| - | | + | 15; Plut. " |
| Soc. Let money then, Critobulus, if a man does not know how to use it aright—let money, I say, be banished to the remote corners of the earth rather than be reckoned as wealth. (13) But now, what shall we say of friends? If a man knows how to use his friends so as to be benefited by them, what of these? | Soc. Let money then, Critobulus, if a man does not know how to use it aright—let money, I say, be banished to the remote corners of the earth rather than be reckoned as wealth. (13) But now, what shall we say of friends? If a man knows how to use his friends so as to be benefited by them, what of these? | ||
| (13) Or, "then let it be relegated... and there let it lie in the | (13) Or, "then let it be relegated... and there let it lie in the | ||
| - | | + | category of non-wealth." |
| Crit. They are wealth indisputably, | Crit. They are wealth indisputably, | ||
| Line 139: | Line 139: | ||
| (16) Or, " | (16) Or, " | ||
| - | | + | seem to be conclusive—but what are we to make of this? Some |
| - | people..." | + | people..." |
| (17) Lit. "the right kinds of knowledge and the right starting-points." | (17) Lit. "the right kinds of knowledge and the right starting-points." | ||
| Line 167: | Line 167: | ||
| (22) Lit. " | (22) Lit. " | ||
| - | | + | good, they chance to have enslaved some other, have ere now in |
| - | many an instance chastened and compelled the vanquished to be | + | many an instance chastened and compelled the vanquished to be |
| - | better and to live more easily for the rest of time." | + | better and to live more easily for the rest of time." |
| ===== II ===== | ===== II ===== | ||
| Line 183: | Line 183: | ||
| (1) 5 x L4:1:3. See Boeckh, "P. E. A." | (1) 5 x L4:1:3. See Boeckh, "P. E. A." | ||
| - | | + | (Eng. ed.) |
| Crit. And with this estimate of our respective fortunes, can you still maintain that you have no need of further wealth, but it is I who am to be pitied for my poverty? | Crit. And with this estimate of our respective fortunes, can you still maintain that you have no need of further wealth, but it is I who am to be pitied for my poverty? | ||
| Line 200: | Line 200: | ||
| (5) {trierarkhias | (5) {trierarkhias | ||
| - | | + | {misthous}. See Boeckh, "P. E. A." p. 579. |
| (6) See Boeckh, p. 470 f.; " | (6) See Boeckh, p. 470 f.; " | ||
| (7) Or, "to childish matters," | (7) Or, "to childish matters," | ||
| - | | + | import of the phrase {paidikois pragmasi} see " |
| Then Critobulus: I cannot gainsay what you have spoken, Socrates, it is indeed high time that you were constituted my patronus, or I shall become in very truth a pitiable object. | Then Critobulus: I cannot gainsay what you have spoken, Socrates, it is indeed high time that you were constituted my patronus, or I shall become in very truth a pitiable object. | ||
| Line 218: | Line 218: | ||
| (9) Cf. Aristoph. " | (9) Cf. Aristoph. " | ||
| - | | + | loc. |
| Crit. Yes, but we agreed that, however little a man may be blest with wealth himself, a science of economy exists; and that being so, what hinders you from being its professor? | Crit. Yes, but we agreed that, however little a man may be blest with wealth himself, a science of economy exists; and that being so, what hinders you from being its professor? | ||
| Line 233: | Line 233: | ||
| (12) Or, "to play the part of {exegetes}, 'legal adviser,' | (12) Or, "to play the part of {exegetes}, 'legal adviser,' | ||
| - | | + | ' |
| - | friend.'" | + | friend.'" |
| Crit. None, with any show of justice, Socrates. | Crit. None, with any show of justice, Socrates. | ||
| Line 243: | Line 243: | ||
| (14) Or, "who are gifted with the highest knowledge in their | (14) Or, "who are gifted with the highest knowledge in their | ||
| - | | + | respective concerns." |
| (15) Lit. "got on quicker, easier, and more profitably." | (15) Lit. "got on quicker, easier, and more profitably." | ||
| Line 257: | Line 257: | ||
| (1) Lincke | (1) Lincke | ||
| - | | + | ephe}—vi. 11, {poiomen}). See his edition " |
| - | {peri oikonomias} in seiner ursprunglichen Gestalt"; | + | {peri oikonomias} in seiner ursprunglichen Gestalt"; |
| - | criticism of his views, an article by Charles D. Morris, | + | criticism of his views, an article by Charles D. Morris, |
| - | " | + | " |
| - | vol. i. p. 169 foll. | + | vol. i. p. 169 foll. |
| (2) As a demonstrator. | (2) As a demonstrator. | ||
| Line 286: | Line 286: | ||
| (5) {georgias}. See Hartman, "An. Xen." p. 193. Hold. cf. Plat. | (5) {georgias}. See Hartman, "An. Xen." p. 193. Hold. cf. Plat. | ||
| - | | + | " |
| Yes (Critobulus answered), to be sure; perhaps (6) the former spends both toil and money not simply on what he needs, but on things which cause an injury to house alike and owner. | Yes (Critobulus answered), to be sure; perhaps (6) the former spends both toil and money not simply on what he needs, but on things which cause an injury to house alike and owner. | ||
| (6) Or, "like enough in the one case the money and pains are spent," | (6) Or, "like enough in the one case the money and pains are spent," | ||
| - | | + | etc. |
| Soc. That is a possible case, no doubt, but it is not the one that I refer to; I mean people pretending they are farmers, and yet they have not a penny to expend on the real needs of their business. | Soc. That is a possible case, no doubt, but it is not the one that I refer to; I mean people pretending they are farmers, and yet they have not a penny to expend on the real needs of their business. | ||
| Line 306: | Line 306: | ||
| (7) Or, "a comic character in the performance." | (7) Or, "a comic character in the performance." | ||
| - | | + | you must appear to yourself (i.e. with your keen sense of the |
| - | ludicrous)." | + | ludicrous)." |
| Soc. Far more ridiculous to yourself, I warrant. But now let me point out to you another contrast: between certain people whose dealing with horses has brought them to the brink of poverty, and certain others who have found in the same pursuit the road to affluence, (8) and have a right besides to plume themselves upon their gains. (9) | Soc. Far more ridiculous to yourself, I warrant. But now let me point out to you another contrast: between certain people whose dealing with horses has brought them to the brink of poverty, and certain others who have found in the same pursuit the road to affluence, (8) and have a right besides to plume themselves upon their gains. (9) | ||
| (8) Or, "who have not only attained to affluence by the same pursuit, | (8) Or, "who have not only attained to affluence by the same pursuit, | ||
| - | | + | but can hold their heads high, and may well pride themselves on |
| - | their thrift." | + | their thrift." |
| (9) Cf. Hom. " | (9) Cf. Hom. " | ||
| - | | + | passim; " |
| Crit. Well, then, I may tell you, I see and know both characters as well as you do; but I do not find myself a whit the more included among those who gain. | Crit. Well, then, I may tell you, I see and know both characters as well as you do; but I do not find myself a whit the more included among those who gain. | ||
| Line 329: | Line 329: | ||
| (11) Reading {e os pleista}, al. {e oi pleistoi} = "to bring about | (11) Reading {e os pleista}, al. {e oi pleistoi} = "to bring about | ||
| - | | + | disaster in most cases." |
| Crit. Ought the husband or the wife to bear the blame of that? | Crit. Ought the husband or the wife to bear the blame of that? | ||
| Line 360: | Line 360: | ||
| (16) Al. "there are successful performers in each who will be happy to | (16) Al. "there are successful performers in each who will be happy to | ||
| - | | + | illustrate any point in which you think you need," etc. |
| ===== IV ===== | ===== IV ===== | ||
| Line 370: | Line 370: | ||
| (1) "In the strict sense," | (1) "In the strict sense," | ||
| - | | + | Lac." vii.; Newman, op. cit. i. 99, 103 foll. |
| Crit. Then which are the arts you would counsel us to engage in? | Crit. Then which are the arts you would counsel us to engage in? | ||
| Line 377: | Line 377: | ||
| (2) "It won't make us blush actually to take a leaf out of the great | (2) "It won't make us blush actually to take a leaf out of the great | ||
| - | | + | king's book." As to the Greek text at this point see the |
| - | commentators, | + | commentators, |
| - | Review," | + | Review," |
| What! (Critobulus exclaimed); do you, Socrates, really believe that the king of Persia pays a personal regard to husbandry, along with all his other cares? | What! (Critobulus exclaimed); do you, Socrates, really believe that the king of Persia pays a personal regard to husbandry, along with all his other cares? | ||
| Line 388: | Line 388: | ||
| (4) Or, " | (4) Or, " | ||
| - | | + | " |
| (5) Lit. "he sends some of the faithful to inspect." | (5) Lit. "he sends some of the faithful to inspect." | ||
| - | | + | and well-beloved." |
| (6) See, for the system, Herod. iii. 89 foll.; " | (6) See, for the system, Herod. iii. 89 foll.; " | ||
| Line 406: | Line 406: | ||
| (10) The passage reads like a gloss. See about the Satrap, " | (10) The passage reads like a gloss. See about the Satrap, " | ||
| - | | + | III. i. 10; " |
| Thereupon Critobulus: Well, Socrates (said he), if such is his conduct, I admit that the great king does pay attention to agriculture no less than to military affairs. | Thereupon Critobulus: Well, Socrates (said he), if such is his conduct, I admit that the great king does pay attention to agriculture no less than to military affairs. | ||
| Line 417: | Line 417: | ||
| (11) Lit. "the most glorious king that ever lived." | (11) Lit. "the most glorious king that ever lived." | ||
| - | | + | seem to apply better to Cyrus the Great. Nitsche and others regard |
| - | these SS. 18, 19 as interpolated. See Schenkl ad loc. | + | these SS. 18, 19 as interpolated. See Schenkl ad loc. |
| Crit. Which clearly shows, Socrates, if the tale be true, that this same Cyrus took as great a pride in fostering the productive energies of his country and stocking it with good things, as in his reputation as a warrior. | Crit. Which clearly shows, Socrates, if the tale be true, that this same Cyrus took as great a pride in fostering the productive energies of his country and stocking it with good things, as in his reputation as a warrior. | ||
| Line 431: | Line 431: | ||
| (15) Possibly to Xenophon himself {who may have met Lysander on his | (15) Possibly to Xenophon himself {who may have met Lysander on his | ||
| - | | + | way back after the events of the " |
| - | dialogue is concocted, since Socrates died before Xenophon | + | dialogue is concocted, since Socrates died before Xenophon |
| - | returned to Athens, if he did return at that period.} | + | returned to Athens, if he did return at that period.} |
| Lysander, it seems, had gone with presents sent by the Allies to Cyrus, who entertained him, and amongst other marks of courtesy showed him his " | Lysander, it seems, had gone with presents sent by the Allies to Cyrus, who entertained him, and amongst other marks of courtesy showed him his " | ||
| Line 440: | Line 440: | ||
| (17) Reading {oi' isou pephuteumena}, | (17) Reading {oi' isou pephuteumena}, | ||
| - | | + | "the various plants ranged." |
| (18) Cf. Dion. Hal. "de Comp." p. 170; Cic. "de Senect." | (18) Cf. Dion. Hal. "de Comp." p. 170; Cic. "de Senect." | ||
| (19) Lit. "of these" {deiktikos}, | (19) Lit. "of these" {deiktikos}, | ||
| - | | + | beauties of the scenery. |
| (20) Reading {to kallos}. | (20) Reading {to kallos}. | ||
| Line 461: | Line 461: | ||
| (1) Lit. "Not even the most blessed of mankind can abstain from." See | (1) Lit. "Not even the most blessed of mankind can abstain from." See | ||
| - | | + | Plat. " |
| (2) Lit. " | (2) Lit. " | ||
| - | | + | increase of estate, a training of the bodily parts, so that a man |
| - | is able to perform all that a free man should." | + | is able to perform all that a free man should." |
| (3) Al. "and further, to the maintenance of life she adds the sources | (3) Al. "and further, to the maintenance of life she adds the sources | ||
| - | | + | of pleasure in life." |
| (4) Lit. "she bears these and rears those." | (4) Lit. "she bears these and rears those." | ||
| Line 481: | Line 481: | ||
| (7) Lit. " | (7) Lit. " | ||
| - | | + | produce." |
| (8) Lit. "to labour willingly and earnestly at hunting earth helps to | (8) Lit. "to labour willingly and earnestly at hunting earth helps to | ||
| - | | + | incite us somewhat." |
| Earth, too, adds stimulus in war-time to earth' | Earth, too, adds stimulus in war-time to earth' | ||
| Line 495: | Line 495: | ||
| (11) Lit. "What art makes an ampler return for their labour to those | (11) Lit. "What art makes an ampler return for their labour to those | ||
| - | | + | who work for her? What art more sweetly welcomes him that is |
| - | devoted to her?" | + | devoted to her?" |
| (12) Lit. "What art welcomes the stranger with greater prodigality?" | (12) Lit. "What art welcomes the stranger with greater prodigality?" | ||
| (13) See " | (13) See " | ||
| - | | + | Cowley' |
| Her high prerogative it is to offer fitting first-fruits to high heaven, hers to furnish forth the overflowing festal board. (14) Hers is a kindly presence in the household. She is the good wife's favourite, the children long for her, she waves her hand winningly to the master' | Her high prerogative it is to offer fitting first-fruits to high heaven, hers to furnish forth the overflowing festal board. (14) Hers is a kindly presence in the household. She is the good wife's favourite, the children long for her, she waves her hand winningly to the master' | ||
| Line 512: | Line 512: | ||
| (15) Reading {thelousa}, vulg., or if after Cobet, {theos ousa}, | (15) Reading {thelousa}, vulg., or if after Cobet, {theos ousa}, | ||
| - | | + | transl. "by sanction of her divinity." |
| - | aptly compares Virgil' | + | aptly compares Virgil' |
| (16) "That is, her 'lex talionis.'" | (16) "That is, her 'lex talionis.'" | ||
| Line 522: | Line 522: | ||
| (18) Lit. "But again, husbandry trains up her scholars side by side in | (18) Lit. "But again, husbandry trains up her scholars side by side in | ||
| - | | + | lessons of..." |
| (19) {sun anthropois}, | (19) {sun anthropois}, | ||
| - | | + | (cf. the author' |
| (20) " | (20) " | ||
| Line 542: | Line 542: | ||
| (23) See Virg. " | (23) See Virg. " | ||
| - | | + | ubi frigidus imber." |
| To which Socrates: Nay, I thought, Critobulus, you full surely were aware that the operations of husbandry, no less than those of war, lie in the hands of the gods. I am sure you will have noted the behaviour of men engaged in war; how on the verge of military operations they strive to win the acceptance of the divine powers; (24) how eagerly they assail the ears of heaven, and by dint of sacrifices and omens seek to discover what they should and what they should not do. So likewise as regards the processes of husbandry, think you the propitiation of heaven is less needed here? Be well assured (he added) the wise and prudent will pay service to the gods on behalf of moist fruits and dry, (25) on behalf of cattle and horses, sheep and goats; nay, on behalf of all their possessions, | To which Socrates: Nay, I thought, Critobulus, you full surely were aware that the operations of husbandry, no less than those of war, lie in the hands of the gods. I am sure you will have noted the behaviour of men engaged in war; how on the verge of military operations they strive to win the acceptance of the divine powers; (24) how eagerly they assail the ears of heaven, and by dint of sacrifices and omens seek to discover what they should and what they should not do. So likewise as regards the processes of husbandry, think you the propitiation of heaven is less needed here? Be well assured (he added) the wise and prudent will pay service to the gods on behalf of moist fruits and dry, (25) on behalf of cattle and horses, sheep and goats; nay, on behalf of all their possessions, | ||
| Line 549: | Line 549: | ||
| (25) "Every kind of produce, succulent (like the grape and olive) or | (25) "Every kind of produce, succulent (like the grape and olive) or | ||
| - | | + | dry (like wheat and barley, etc.)" |
| ===== VI ===== | ===== VI ===== | ||
| Line 557: | Line 557: | ||
| (1) Lit. "with the gods," and for the sentiment see below, x. 10; | (1) Lit. "with the gods," and for the sentiment see below, x. 10; | ||
| - | | + | " |
| (2) For {bioteuein} cf. Pind. " | (2) For {bioteuein} cf. Pind. " | ||
| Line 564: | Line 564: | ||
| (3) Lit. "try whether we can go through the remaining steps with | (3) Lit. "try whether we can go through the remaining steps with | ||
| - | | + | like..." |
| Crit. Why, yes! If it is agreeable for two partners in a business to run through their accounts without dispute, so now as partners in an argument it will be no less agreeable to sum up the points under discussion, as you say, with unanimity. | Crit. Why, yes! If it is agreeable for two partners in a business to run through their accounts without dispute, so now as partners in an argument it will be no less agreeable to sum up the points under discussion, as you say, with unanimity. | ||
| Line 573: | Line 573: | ||
| (4) This S. 6 has no parallel supra. See Breit. and Schenkl ad loc. | (4) This S. 6 has no parallel supra. See Breit. and Schenkl ad loc. | ||
| - | | + | for attempts to cure the text. |
| (5) See Cobet, "N. L." 580, reading {uphemenous}, | (5) See Cobet, "N. L." 580, reading {uphemenous}, | ||
| - | | + | transl. "to abandon." |
| Next we held it as proved that there was no better employment for a gentleman—we described him as a man beautiful and good—than this of husbandry, by which human beings procure to themselves the necessaries of life. This same employment, moreover, was, as we agreed, at once the easiest to learn (6) and the pleasantest to follow, since it gives to the limbs beauty and hardihood, whilst permitting (7) to the soul leisure to satisfy the claims of friendship and of civic duty. | Next we held it as proved that there was no better employment for a gentleman—we described him as a man beautiful and good—than this of husbandry, by which human beings procure to themselves the necessaries of life. This same employment, moreover, was, as we agreed, at once the easiest to learn (6) and the pleasantest to follow, since it gives to the limbs beauty and hardihood, whilst permitting (7) to the soul leisure to satisfy the claims of friendship and of civic duty. | ||
| Line 583: | Line 583: | ||
| (7) Lit. "least allowing the soul no leisure to care for friends and | (7) Lit. "least allowing the soul no leisure to care for friends and | ||
| - | | + | state withal." |
| Again it seemed to us that husbandry acts as a spur to bravery in the hearts of those that till the fields, (8) inasmuch as the necessaries of life, vegetable and animal, under her auspices spring up and are reared outside the fortified defences of the city. For which reason also this way of life stood in the highest repute in the eyes of statesmen and commonwealths, | Again it seemed to us that husbandry acts as a spur to bravery in the hearts of those that till the fields, (8) inasmuch as the necessaries of life, vegetable and animal, under her auspices spring up and are reared outside the fortified defences of the city. For which reason also this way of life stood in the highest repute in the eyes of statesmen and commonwealths, | ||
| Line 615: | Line 615: | ||
| (1) "The god of freedom, or of freed men." See Plat. " | (1) "The god of freedom, or of freed men." See Plat. " | ||
| - | | + | The scholiast on Aristoph. " |
| - | Zeus Soter. See Plut. " | + | Zeus Soter. See Plut. " |
| Nor would you see me now so sitting, Socrates (he answered), but that I promised to meet some strangers, friends of mine, (2) at this place. | Nor would you see me now so sitting, Socrates (he answered), but that I promised to meet some strangers, friends of mine, (2) at this place. | ||
| Line 629: | Line 629: | ||
| (4) On the antidosis or compulsory exchange of property, see Boeckh, | (4) On the antidosis or compulsory exchange of property, see Boeckh, | ||
| - | | + | p. 580, Engl. ed.: "In case any man, upon whom a {leitourgia} was |
| - | imposed, considered that another was richer than himself, and | + | imposed, considered that another was richer than himself, and |
| - | therefore most justly chargeable with the burden, he might | + | therefore most justly chargeable with the burden, he might |
| - | challenge the other to assume the burden, or to make with him an | + | challenge the other to assume the burden, or to make with him an |
| - | {antidosis} or exchange of property. Such a challenge, if | + | {antidosis} or exchange of property. Such a challenge, if |
| - | declined, was converted into a lawsuit, or came before a heliastic | + | declined, was converted into a lawsuit, or came before a heliastic |
| - | court for trial." | + | court for trial." |
| - | Dem. " | + | Dem. " |
| - | the various liturgies, Trierarchy, Choregy, etc., see "Pol. Ath." | + | the various liturgies, Trierarchy, Choregy, etc., see "Pol. Ath." |
| - | i. 13 foll. | + | i. 13 foll. |
| (5) Or, "the son of his father," | (5) Or, "the son of his father," | ||
| - | | + | the patronymic, e.g. Xenophon son of Gryllus, Thucydides son of |
| - | Olorus, etc. See Herod. vi. 14, viii. 90. In official acts the | + | Olorus, etc. See Herod. vi. 14, viii. 90. In official acts the |
| - | name of the deme was added, eg. Demosthenes son of Demosthenes of | + | name of the deme was added, eg. Demosthenes son of Demosthenes of |
| - | Paiane; or of the tribe, at times. Cf. Thuc. viii. 69; Plat. | + | Paiane; or of the tribe, at times. Cf. Thuc. viii. 69; Plat. |
| - | " | + | " |
| Ah! (said I), Ischomachus, | Ah! (said I), Ischomachus, | ||
| Line 652: | Line 652: | ||
| (6) See Aristot. " | (6) See Aristot. " | ||
| - | | + | foll. |
| (7) Or, " | (7) Or, " | ||
| (8) Reading {eroito}; or if with Sauppe after Cobet, {eroin}, transl. | (8) Reading {eroito}; or if with Sauppe after Cobet, {eroin}, transl. | ||
| - | | + | "talk as little as possible." |
| (9) Al. "in reference to culinary matters." | (9) Al. "in reference to culinary matters." | ||
| - | | + | in Greece," |
| Then all else (said I) you taught your wife yourself, Ischomachus, | Then all else (said I) you taught your wife yourself, Ischomachus, | ||
| Line 671: | Line 671: | ||
| (10) Or, " | (10) Or, " | ||
| - | | + | not be from want of due attention on her part." See " |
| - | Essays," | + | Essays," |
| Soc. Pray narrate to me, Ischomachus, | Soc. Pray narrate to me, Ischomachus, | ||
| Line 679: | Line 679: | ||
| (11) (The timid, fawn-like creature.) See Lecky, "Hist. of Eur. | (11) (The timid, fawn-like creature.) See Lecky, "Hist. of Eur. | ||
| - | | + | Morals," |
| (12) Lit. " | (12) Lit. " | ||
| (13) Or, "our interests will centre in them; it will be a blessing we | (13) Or, "our interests will centre in them; it will be a blessing we | ||
| - | | + | share in common to train them that they shall fight our battles, |
| - | and..." | + | and..." |
| (14) Cf. " | (14) Cf. " | ||
| - | | + | " |
| (15) Or reading {epenegke} with Cobet, " | (15) Or reading {epenegke} with Cobet, " | ||
| - | | + | dowry." |
| (16) Or, "to the joint estate." | (16) Or, "to the joint estate." | ||
| Line 710: | Line 710: | ||
| (18) Reading {oti}, or if with Br. {eti... auto}, "with the further | (18) Reading {oti}, or if with Br. {eti... auto}, "with the further | ||
| - | | + | intent it should prove of maximum advantage to itself." |
| (19) Cf. (Aristot.) " | (19) Cf. (Aristot.) " | ||
| Line 727: | Line 727: | ||
| (23) " | (23) " | ||
| - | | + | " |
| - | lines of Xenophon' | + | lines of Xenophon' |
| "While in creating the body of woman with less capacity for these things," | "While in creating the body of woman with less capacity for these things," | ||
| Line 739: | Line 739: | ||
| (26) Or, "He bestowed memory and carefulness as the common heritage of | (26) Or, "He bestowed memory and carefulness as the common heritage of | ||
| - | | + | both." |
| (27) Or, "the pair discovers the advantage of duality; the one being | (27) Or, "the pair discovers the advantage of duality; the one being | ||
| - | | + | strong wherein the other is defective." |
| "Now, being well aware of this, my wife," I added, "and knowing well what things are laid upon us twain by God Himself, must we not strive to perform, each in the best way possible, our respective duties? Law, too, gives her consent—law and the usage of mankind, by sanctioning the wedlock of man and wife; and just as God ordained them to be partners in their children, so the law establishes their common ownership of house and estate. Custom, moreover, proclaims as beautiful those excellences of man and woman with which God gifted them at birth. (28) Thus for a woman to bide tranquilly at home rather than roam aborad is no dishonour; but for a man to remain indoors, instead of devoting himself to outdoor pursuits, is a thing discreditable. But if a man does things contrary to the nature given him by God, the chances are, (29) such insubordination escapes not the eye of Heaven: he pays the penalty, whether of neglecting his own works, or of performing those appropriate to woman." | "Now, being well aware of this, my wife," I added, "and knowing well what things are laid upon us twain by God Himself, must we not strive to perform, each in the best way possible, our respective duties? Law, too, gives her consent—law and the usage of mankind, by sanctioning the wedlock of man and wife; and just as God ordained them to be partners in their children, so the law establishes their common ownership of house and estate. Custom, moreover, proclaims as beautiful those excellences of man and woman with which God gifted them at birth. (28) Thus for a woman to bide tranquilly at home rather than roam aborad is no dishonour; but for a man to remain indoors, instead of devoting himself to outdoor pursuits, is a thing discreditable. But if a man does things contrary to the nature given him by God, the chances are, (29) such insubordination escapes not the eye of Heaven: he pays the penalty, whether of neglecting his own works, or of performing those appropriate to woman." | ||
| (28) Or, "with approving fingers stamps as noble those diverse | (28) Or, "with approving fingers stamps as noble those diverse | ||
| - | | + | faculties, those superiorities in either sex which God created in |
| - | them. Thus for the woman to remain indoors is nobler than to gad | + | them. Thus for the woman to remain indoors is nobler than to gad |
| - | about abroad." | + | about abroad." |
| - | These words, which their significant Hellenic connotation, | + | These words, which their significant Hellenic connotation, |
| - | cruelly in translation. | + | cruelly in translation. |
| (29) Or, "maybe in some respect this violation of the order of things, | (29) Or, "maybe in some respect this violation of the order of things, | ||
| - | | + | this lack of discipline on his part." Cf. " |
| (30) Or, "the works of his wife." For the sentiment cf. Soph. "Oed. | (30) Or, "the works of his wife." For the sentiment cf. Soph. "Oed. | ||
| - | | + | Col." 337 foll.; Herod. ii. 35. |
| I added: "Just such works, if I mistake not, that same queen-bee we spoke of labours hard to perform, like yours, my wife, enjoined upon her by God Himself." | I added: "Just such works, if I mistake not, that same queen-bee we spoke of labours hard to perform, like yours, my wife, enjoined upon her by God Himself." | ||
| Line 768: | Line 768: | ||
| (32) Or, "royal lineage," | (32) Or, "royal lineage," | ||
| - | | + | or if the vulg. {ton epomenon}, "with some leader of the host" |
| - | (lit. of his followers). So Breitenbach. | + | (lit. of his followers). So Breitenbach. |
| "Shall I then have to do these things?" | "Shall I then have to do these things?" | ||
| Line 792: | Line 792: | ||
| (36) Or, "how pitiful their case, condemned, as the saying goes, to | (36) Or, "how pitiful their case, condemned, as the saying goes, to | ||
| - | | + | pour water into a sieve." |
| - | holes." | + | holes." |
| - | " | + | " |
| - | " | + | " |
| Work without hope draws nectar in a sieve, | Work without hope draws nectar in a sieve, | ||
| Line 807: | Line 807: | ||
| (38) Al. "For growth is added to things ' | (38) Al. "For growth is added to things ' | ||
| - | | + | through the bloom of youth but virtuous perfections, |
| - | coextensive with the life of man." See Breit. ad loc. | + | coextensive with the life of man." See Breit. ad loc. |
| That, Socrates, or something like that, as far as I may trust my memory, records the earliest conversation which I held with her. | That, Socrates, or something like that, as far as I may trust my memory, records the earliest conversation which I held with her. | ||
| Line 820: | Line 820: | ||
| (1) "Vetus proverbium," | (1) "Vetus proverbium," | ||
| - | | + | fr. 6. |
| (2) Lit. "so that you might know not only where to put," etc. | (2) Lit. "so that you might know not only where to put," etc. | ||
| (3) Or, "order and arrangement." | (3) Or, "order and arrangement." | ||
| - | | + | " |
| "For instance, what is a chorus?—a band composed of human beings, who dance and sing; but suppose the company proceed to act as each may chance—confusion follows; the spectacle has lost its charm. How different when each and all together act and recite (4) with orderly precision, the limbs and voices keeping time and tune. Then, indeed, these same performers are worth seeing and worth hearing. | "For instance, what is a chorus?—a band composed of human beings, who dance and sing; but suppose the company proceed to act as each may chance—confusion follows; the spectacle has lost its charm. How different when each and all together act and recite (4) with orderly precision, the limbs and voices keeping time and tune. Then, indeed, these same performers are worth seeing and worth hearing. | ||
| (4) Or, " | (4) Or, " | ||
| - | | + | chorus. Cf. Plat. " |
| "So, too, an army," I said, "my wife, an army destitute of order is confusion worse confounded: to enemies an easy prey, courting attack; to friends a bitter spectacle of wasted power; (5) a mingled mob of asses, heavy infantry, and baggage-bearers, | "So, too, an army," I said, "my wife, an army destitute of order is confusion worse confounded: to enemies an easy prey, courting attack; to friends a bitter spectacle of wasted power; (5) a mingled mob of asses, heavy infantry, and baggage-bearers, | ||
| (5) Reading {agleukestaton}, | (5) Reading {agleukestaton}, | ||
| - | | + | inglorious spectacle of extreme unprofitableness." |
| (6) Or, "whose duty (or necessity) it is to retire before an attack," | (6) Or, "whose duty (or necessity) it is to retire before an attack," | ||
| - | | + | i.e. the skirmishers. Al. "those who have to retreat," |
| - | non-combatants. | + | non-combatants. |
| (7) Al. "are quite capable of trampling down the troops behind in | (7) Al. "are quite capable of trampling down the troops behind in | ||
| - | | + | their retreat." |
| - | infantry." | + | infantry." |
| "How different is an army well organised in battle order: a splendid sight for friendly eyes to gaze at, albeit an eyesore to the enemy. For who, being of their party, but will feel a thrill of satisfaction as he watches the serried masses of heavy infantry moving onwards in unbroken order? who but will gaze with wonderment as the squadrons of the cavalry dash past him at the gallop? And what of the foeman? will not his heart sink within him to see the orderly arrangements of the different arms: (8) here heavy infantry and cavalry, and there again light infantry, there archers and there slingers, following each their leaders, with orderly precision. As they tramp onwards thus in order, though they number many myriads, yet even so they move on and on in quiet progress, stepping like one man, and the place just vacated in front is filled up on the instant from the rear. | "How different is an army well organised in battle order: a splendid sight for friendly eyes to gaze at, albeit an eyesore to the enemy. For who, being of their party, but will feel a thrill of satisfaction as he watches the serried masses of heavy infantry moving onwards in unbroken order? who but will gaze with wonderment as the squadrons of the cavalry dash past him at the gallop? And what of the foeman? will not his heart sink within him to see the orderly arrangements of the different arms: (8) here heavy infantry and cavalry, and there again light infantry, there archers and there slingers, following each their leaders, with orderly precision. As they tramp onwards thus in order, though they number many myriads, yet even so they move on and on in quiet progress, stepping like one man, and the place just vacated in front is filled up on the instant from the rear. | ||
| (8) " | (8) " | ||
| - | | + | hoplites, cavalry, and peltasts, archers, and slingers." |
| "Or picture a trireme, crammed choke-full of mariners; for what reason is she so terror-striking an object to her enemies, and a sight so gladsome to the eyes of friends? is it not that the gallant ship sails so swiftly? And why is it that, for all their crowding, the ship's company (9) cause each other no distress? Simply that there, as you may see them, they sit in order; in order bend to the oar; in order recover the stroke; in order step on board; in order disembark. But disorder is, it seems to me, precisely as though a man who is a husbandman should stow away (10) together in one place wheat and barley and pulse, and by and by when he has need of barley meal, or wheaten flour, or some condiment of pulse, (11) then he must pick and choose instead of laying his hand on each thing separately sorted for use. | "Or picture a trireme, crammed choke-full of mariners; for what reason is she so terror-striking an object to her enemies, and a sight so gladsome to the eyes of friends? is it not that the gallant ship sails so swiftly? And why is it that, for all their crowding, the ship's company (9) cause each other no distress? Simply that there, as you may see them, they sit in order; in order bend to the oar; in order recover the stroke; in order step on board; in order disembark. But disorder is, it seems to me, precisely as though a man who is a husbandman should stow away (10) together in one place wheat and barley and pulse, and by and by when he has need of barley meal, or wheaten flour, or some condiment of pulse, (11) then he must pick and choose instead of laying his hand on each thing separately sorted for use. | ||
| Line 857: | Line 857: | ||
| (11) " | (11) " | ||
| - | | + | Mahaffy, "Old Greek Life," p. 31. |
| "And so with you too, my wife, if you would avoid this confusion, if you would fain know how to administer our goods, so as to lay your finger readily on this or that as you may need, or if I ask you for anything, graciously to give it me: let us, I say, select and assign (12) the appropriate place for each set of things. This shall be the place where we will put the things; and we will instruct the housekeeper that she is to take them out thence, and mind to put them back again there; and in this way we shall know whether they are safe or not. If anything is gone, the gaping space will cry out as if it asked for something back. (13) The mere look and aspect of things will argue what wants mending; (14) and the fact of knowing where each thing is will be like having it put into one's hand at once to use without further trouble or debate." | "And so with you too, my wife, if you would avoid this confusion, if you would fain know how to administer our goods, so as to lay your finger readily on this or that as you may need, or if I ask you for anything, graciously to give it me: let us, I say, select and assign (12) the appropriate place for each set of things. This shall be the place where we will put the things; and we will instruct the housekeeper that she is to take them out thence, and mind to put them back again there; and in this way we shall know whether they are safe or not. If anything is gone, the gaping space will cry out as if it asked for something back. (13) The mere look and aspect of things will argue what wants mending; (14) and the fact of knowing where each thing is will be like having it put into one's hand at once to use without further trouble or debate." | ||
| (12) {dokimasometha}, | (12) {dokimasometha}, | ||
| - | | + | ' |
| (13) Lit. "will miss the thing that is not." | (13) Lit. "will miss the thing that is not." | ||
| Line 883: | Line 883: | ||
| (20) Lit. "a symmetrically-shaped dining-room, | (20) Lit. "a symmetrically-shaped dining-room, | ||
| - | | + | couches." |
| (21) Lit. "a searcher"; | (21) Lit. "a searcher"; | ||
| - | | + | V. ii. 8. |
| (22) Lit. "not the reverse of easy to unpack, so as to cause a waste | (22) Lit. "not the reverse of easy to unpack, so as to cause a waste | ||
| - | | + | of time and waiting." |
| Then the pilot' | Then the pilot' | ||
| Line 902: | Line 902: | ||
| (26) " | (26) " | ||
| - | | + | amusement." |
| (27) {ara}, "as if he were asking himself, 'Would this or this | (27) {ara}, "as if he were asking himself, 'Would this or this | ||
| - | | + | possibly be wanted for the ship's service?'" |
| (28) " | (28) " | ||
| Line 912: | Line 912: | ||
| (30) Or, "them that are slack." | (30) Or, "them that are slack." | ||
| - | | + | ii. 40; Plat. " |
| (31) "One must not grumble." | (31) "One must not grumble." | ||
| (32) "The whole ship's crew right nobly serving." | (32) "The whole ship's crew right nobly serving." | ||
| - | | + | serve at the oar" (metaphorically = to do service to heaven). |
| (33) Lit. "great thanks be to the gods." | (33) Lit. "great thanks be to the gods." | ||
| Line 930: | Line 930: | ||
| (36) Or, "like the rhythm of a song," {euruthmon}. See Mr. Ruskin' | (36) Or, "like the rhythm of a song," {euruthmon}. See Mr. Ruskin' | ||
| - | | + | most appropriate note ("Bib. Past." i. 59), "A remarkable word, as |
| - | significant of the complete rhythm ({ruthmos}) whether of sound or | + | significant of the complete rhythm ({ruthmos}) whether of sound or |
| - | motion, that was so great a characteristic of the Greek ideal (cf. | + | motion, that was so great a characteristic of the Greek ideal (cf. |
| - | xi. 16, {metarruthmizo})," | + | xi. 16, {metarruthmizo})," |
| (37) "Just as a chorus, the while its dancers weave a circling dance." | (37) "Just as a chorus, the while its dancers weave a circling dance." | ||
| (38) Or, " | (38) Or, " | ||
| - | | + | void appears serene and beautiful." |
| "The truth of what I say, we easily can test, my wife," I added, "by direct experiment, and that too without cost at all or even serious trouble. (39) Nor need you now distress yourself, my wife, to think how hard it will be to discover some one who has wit enough to learn the places for the several things and memory to take and place them there. We know, I fancy, that the goods of various sorts contained in the whole city far outnumber ours many thousand times; and yet you have only to bid any one of your domestics go buy this, or that, and bring it you from market, and not one of them will hesitate. The whole world knows both where to go and where to find each thing. | "The truth of what I say, we easily can test, my wife," I added, "by direct experiment, and that too without cost at all or even serious trouble. (39) Nor need you now distress yourself, my wife, to think how hard it will be to discover some one who has wit enough to learn the places for the several things and memory to take and place them there. We know, I fancy, that the goods of various sorts contained in the whole city far outnumber ours many thousand times; and yet you have only to bid any one of your domestics go buy this, or that, and bring it you from market, and not one of them will hesitate. The whole world knows both where to go and where to find each thing. | ||
| (39) Lit. "now whether these things I say are true (i.e. are facts), | (39) Lit. "now whether these things I say are true (i.e. are facts), | ||
| - | | + | we can make experiment of the things themselves (i.e. of actual |
| - | facts to prove to us)." | + | facts to prove to us)." |
| "And why is this?" I asked. " | "And why is this?" I asked. " | ||
| Line 960: | Line 960: | ||
| (1) Or, " | (1) Or, " | ||
| - | | + | Cf. Plat. " |
| - | " | + | " |
| (2) Or, "the bridal chamber." | (2) Or, "the bridal chamber." | ||
| - | | + | store-chamber." |
| {be d' imenai thalamonde sun amphipoloisi gunaixin eskhaton, k.t.l.} | {be d' imenai thalamonde sun amphipoloisi gunaixin eskhaton, k.t.l.} | ||
| Line 977: | Line 977: | ||
| (5) "By bolts and bars." Lit. "a door fitted with a bolt-pin." | (5) "By bolts and bars." Lit. "a door fitted with a bolt-pin." | ||
| - | | + | Thuc. ii. 4; Aristoph. " |
| (6) Cf. (Aristot.) " | (6) Cf. (Aristot.) " | ||
| - | | + | teknopoiiais}. |
| (7) Lit. "since (you know) if the good sort of servant is rendered, as | (7) Lit. "since (you know) if the good sort of servant is rendered, as | ||
| - | | + | a rule, better disposed when he becomes a father, the base, |
| - | through intermarrying, | + | through intermarrying, |
| When we had gone over all the rooms (he continued), we at once set about distribution our furniture (8) in classes; and we began (he said) by collecting everything we use in offering sacrifice. (9) After this we proceeded to set apart the ornaments and holiday attire of the wife, and the husband' | When we had gone over all the rooms (he continued), we at once set about distribution our furniture (8) in classes; and we began (he said) by collecting everything we use in offering sacrifice. (9) After this we proceeded to set apart the ornaments and holiday attire of the wife, and the husband' | ||
| Line 991: | Line 991: | ||
| (9) Holden cf. Plut. "De Curios." | (9) Holden cf. Plut. "De Curios." | ||
| - | | + | Oikonomikois, |
| (10) Cf. " | (10) Cf. " | ||
| Line 1004: | Line 1004: | ||
| (13) Or, " | (13) Or, " | ||
| - | | + | Cf. " |
| - | 171. | + | 171. |
| (14) Or, "and this was the position in which we presently established | (14) Or, "and this was the position in which we presently established | ||
| - | | + | her herself." |
| And now, on the strength of all that we had done, Socrates (he added), I addressed my wife, explaining that all these things would fail of use unless she took in charge herself to see that the order of each several part was kept. Thereupon I taught her that in every well-constituted city the citizens are not content merely to pass good laws, but they further choose them guardians of the laws, (15) whose function as inspectors is to praise the man whose acts are law-abiding, | And now, on the strength of all that we had done, Socrates (he added), I addressed my wife, explaining that all these things would fail of use unless she took in charge herself to see that the order of each several part was kept. Thereupon I taught her that in every well-constituted city the citizens are not content merely to pass good laws, but they further choose them guardians of the laws, (15) whose function as inspectors is to praise the man whose acts are law-abiding, | ||
| (15) See Plat. " | (15) See Plat. " | ||
| - | | + | A; iv. 14, 1298 B; vi. 8, 1323 A; "Ath. Pol." viii. 4; and Cic. |
| - | ap. Col. xii. 3. 10 f. Holden cf. Cic. "de Legg." iii. 20, S. 46; | + | ap. Col. xii. 3. 10 f. Holden cf. Cic. "de Legg." iii. 20, S. 46; |
| - | "C. I. G." 3794. | + | "C. I. G." 3794. |
| (16) Lit. Phrourarch, "the commandant." | (16) Lit. Phrourarch, "the commandant." | ||
| Line 1026: | Line 1026: | ||
| (19) Or, "he it is on whom devolves as his concern the duty of | (19) Or, "he it is on whom devolves as his concern the duty of | ||
| - | | + | surveillance." |
| When, then (I asked), Ischomachus, | When, then (I asked), Ischomachus, | ||
| Line 1037: | Line 1037: | ||
| (22) Lit. "more painful had it been, had I enjoined her to neglect her | (22) Lit. "more painful had it been, had I enjoined her to neglect her | ||
| - | | + | own interests than to be obliged..." |
| (23) {ton oikeion agathon}, cp. " | (23) {ton oikeion agathon}, cp. " | ||
| - | | + | op. cit. p. 448. |
| (24) Or, "true and honest"; | (24) Or, "true and honest"; | ||
| - | | + | = with the {sophrosune} of womanhood; possibly transl. " |
| - | and sober-minded." | + | and sober-minded." |
| ===== X ===== | ===== X ===== | ||
| Line 1060: | Line 1060: | ||
| (2) Cf. Aristoph. " | (2) Cf. Aristoph. " | ||
| - | | + | psimuthion}: |
| (3) Lit. " | (3) Lit. " | ||
| - | | + | wild bugloss, whose root yields a red dye. Cf. Aristoph. " |
| - | 48; Theophr. "H. Pl." vii. 8. 3. | + | 48; Theophr. "H. Pl." vii. 8. 3. |
| (4) See Becker, op. cit. p. 452; Breit. cf. " | (4) See Becker, op. cit. p. 452; Breit. cf. " | ||
| - | | + | " |
| - | requires a great body." | + | requires a great body." |
| Accordingly I put to her this question: (5) "Tell me, my wife, would you esteem me a less lovable co-partner in our wealth, were I to show you how our fortune stands exactly, without boasting of unreal possessions or concealing what we really have? Or would you prefer that I should try to cheat you with exaggeration, | Accordingly I put to her this question: (5) "Tell me, my wife, would you esteem me a less lovable co-partner in our wealth, were I to show you how our fortune stands exactly, without boasting of unreal possessions or concealing what we really have? Or would you prefer that I should try to cheat you with exaggeration, | ||
| (5) Lit. "So I said to her, 'Tell me, my wife, after which fashion | (5) Lit. "So I said to her, 'Tell me, my wife, after which fashion | ||
| - | | + | would you find me the more delectable partner in our joint estate |
| - | —were I to...? or were I to...?'" | + | —were I to...? or were I to...?'" |
| (6) Lit. "only wood coated with gold." | (6) Lit. "only wood coated with gold." | ||
| (7) See Becker, op. cit. p. 434 f; Holden cf. Athen. ix. 374, xii. | (7) See Becker, op. cit. p. 434 f; Holden cf. Athen. ix. 374, xii. | ||
| - | | + | 525; Ael. "V. H." xii. 32; Aristoph. " |
| She caught me up at once: "Hush, hush!" she said, "talk not such talk. May heaven forfend that you should ever be like that. I could not love you with my whole heart were you really of that sort." | She caught me up at once: "Hush, hush!" she said, "talk not such talk. May heaven forfend that you should ever be like that. I could not love you with my whole heart were you really of that sort." | ||
| Line 1094: | Line 1094: | ||
| (10) {andreikelon}. Cf. Plat. " | (10) {andreikelon}. Cf. Plat. " | ||
| - | | + | " |
| - | " | + | " |
| " | " | ||
| Line 1109: | Line 1109: | ||
| (12) See Becker, p. 491. Breit., etc., cf. Nicostr. ap. Stob. " | (12) See Becker, p. 491. Breit., etc., cf. Nicostr. ap. Stob. " | ||
| - | | + | lxxiv. 61. |
| (13) Lit. "more spotles"; | (13) Lit. "more spotles"; | ||
| - | | + | Shakesp. " |
| - | daisy in the grass." | + | daisy in the grass." |
| (14) Or, "is wondrous wooing, and all the more with this addition, | (14) Or, "is wondrous wooing, and all the more with this addition, | ||
| - | | + | hers are acts of grace, theirs services enforced." |
| And, Socrates, I would have you know that still to-day, my wife is living in a style as simple as that I taught her then, and now recount to you. | And, Socrates, I would have you know that still to-day, my wife is living in a style as simple as that I taught her then, and now recount to you. | ||
| Line 1128: | Line 1128: | ||
| (1) Lit. "in order that you on your side may correct and set me right | (1) Lit. "in order that you on your side may correct and set me right | ||
| - | | + | where I seem to you to act amiss." |
| - | Aristot. "Nic. Eth." x. 9. 5. | + | Aristot. "Nic. Eth." x. 9. 5. |
| The idea of my reforming you! (I said). How could I with any show of justice hope to reform you, the perfect model (2) of a beautiful, good man—I, who am but an empty babbler, (3) and measurer of the air, (4) who have to bear besides that most senseless imputation of being poor—an imputation which, I assure you, Ischomachus, | The idea of my reforming you! (I said). How could I with any show of justice hope to reform you, the perfect model (2) of a beautiful, good man—I, who am but an empty babbler, (3) and measurer of the air, (4) who have to bear besides that most senseless imputation of being poor—an imputation which, I assure you, Ischomachus, | ||
| Line 1138: | Line 1138: | ||
| (4) Or rather, "a measurer of air" | (4) Or rather, "a measurer of air" | ||
| - | | + | solid " |
| - | See Aristoph. " | + | See Aristoph. " |
| - | " | + | " |
| (5) Nothing is known of this person. | (5) Nothing is known of this person. | ||
| Line 1147: | Line 1147: | ||
| (6) "The gods have made well-doing and well-being a thing impossible." | (6) "The gods have made well-doing and well-being a thing impossible." | ||
| - | | + | Cf. " |
| I, when I heard these words, replied: And are you then indeed so careful to grow rich, Ischomachus? | I, when I heard these words, replied: And are you then indeed so careful to grow rich, Ischomachus? | ||
| Line 1158: | Line 1158: | ||
| (8) As to the construction {themis einai} see Jebb ad "Oed. Col." | (8) As to the construction {themis einai} see Jebb ad "Oed. Col." | ||
| - | | + | 1191, Appendix. |
| Yes (he answered), and the fact is, Socrates, if I mistake not, all these matters are in close connection, each depending on the other. Given that a man have a good meal to eat, he has only to work off the effect by toil (9) directed rightly; and in the process, if I mistake not, his health will be confirmed, his strength added to. Let him but practise the arts of war and in the day of battle he will preserve his life with honour. He needs only to expend his care aright, sealing his ears to weak and soft seductions, and his house shall surely be increased. (10) | Yes (he answered), and the fact is, Socrates, if I mistake not, all these matters are in close connection, each depending on the other. Given that a man have a good meal to eat, he has only to work off the effect by toil (9) directed rightly; and in the process, if I mistake not, his health will be confirmed, his strength added to. Let him but practise the arts of war and in the day of battle he will preserve his life with honour. He needs only to expend his care aright, sealing his ears to weak and soft seductions, and his house shall surely be increased. (10) | ||
| (9) See " | (9) See " | ||
| - | | + | of it by toil." |
| (10) Lit. "it is likely his estate will increase more largely." | (10) Lit. "it is likely his estate will increase more largely." | ||
| Line 1176: | Line 1176: | ||
| (13) {xusto}—the xystus, "a covered corridor in the gymnasium where | (13) {xusto}—the xystus, "a covered corridor in the gymnasium where | ||
| - | | + | the athletes exercised in winter." |
| - | Rich, " | + | Rich, " |
| - | " | + | " |
| - | Cephalus, and I am going to take a walk outside the wall, for I | + | Cephalus, and I am going to take a walk outside the wall, for I |
| - | have been sitting with him the whole morning; and our common | + | have been sitting with him the whole morning; and our common |
| - | friend Acumenus advises me to walk in the country, which he says | + | friend Acumenus advises me to walk in the country, which he says |
| - | is more invigorating than to walk in the courts." | + | is more invigorating than to walk in the courts." |
| (14) See " | (14) See " | ||
| Line 1191: | Line 1191: | ||
| (17) Lit. " | (17) Lit. " | ||
| - | | + | Aristoph. " |
| (18) See "Lac. Pol." ii. 5. Cf. Hor. " | (18) See "Lac. Pol." ii. 5. Cf. Hor. " | ||
| Line 1206: | Line 1206: | ||
| (19) Lit. "to give a reason and to get a reason from others." | (19) Lit. "to give a reason and to get a reason from others." | ||
| - | | + | " |
| Isch. Does it not strike you rather, Socrates, that I am engaged in one long practice of this very skill, (20) now pleading as defendant that, as far as I am able, I do good to many and hurt nobody? And then, again, you must admit, I play the part of prosecutor when accusing people whom I recognise to be offenders, as a rule in private life, or possibly against the state, the good-for-nothing fellows? | Isch. Does it not strike you rather, Socrates, that I am engaged in one long practice of this very skill, (20) now pleading as defendant that, as far as I am able, I do good to many and hurt nobody? And then, again, you must admit, I play the part of prosecutor when accusing people whom I recognise to be offenders, as a rule in private life, or possibly against the state, the good-for-nothing fellows? | ||
| (20) "The arts of the defendant, the apologist; and of the plaintiff, | (20) "The arts of the defendant, the apologist; and of the plaintiff, | ||
| - | | + | the prosecutor." |
| But please explain one other thing, Ischomachus (I answered). Do you put defence and accusation into formal language? (21) | But please explain one other thing, Ischomachus (I answered). Do you put defence and accusation into formal language? (21) | ||
| (21) "Does your practice include the art of translating into words | (21) "Does your practice include the art of translating into words | ||
| - | | + | your sentiments?" |
| Isch. " | Isch. " | ||
| (22) Or, "One member of my household appears as plaintiff, another as | (22) Or, "One member of my household appears as plaintiff, another as | ||
| - | | + | defendant. I must listen and cross-question." |
| (23) The " | (23) The " | ||
| - | | + | have dropped out. See the commentators ad loc. |
| (24) The scene is perhaps that of a court-martial (cf. " | (24) The scene is perhaps that of a court-martial (cf. " | ||
| - | | + | viii.; Dem. "c. Timocr." |
| - | are present (as advocates) and censure some general" | + | are present (as advocates) and censure some general" |
| - | probably, I think, that of a civil judicial inquiry of some sort, | + | probably, I think, that of a civil judicial inquiry of some sort, |
| - | conducted at a later date by the Minister of Finance ({to stratego | + | conducted at a later date by the Minister of Finance ({to stratego |
| - | to epi tas summorias eremeno}). | + | to epi tas summorias eremeno}). |
| (25) Or, "Or again, a frequent case, we sit in council" | (25) Or, "Or again, a frequent case, we sit in council" | ||
| - | | + | the Boule). See Aristot. " |
| He paused, then added: Things have indeed now got so far, Socrates, that several times I have had to stand my trial and have judgment passed upon me in set terms, what I must pay or what requital I must make. (26) | He paused, then added: Things have indeed now got so far, Socrates, that several times I have had to stand my trial and have judgment passed upon me in set terms, what I must pay or what requital I must make. (26) | ||
| Line 1258: | Line 1258: | ||
| (30) Or, "It may well be, Ischomachus, | (30) Or, "It may well be, Ischomachus, | ||
| - | | + | falsehood into truth." |
| - | untruth true." | + | untruth true." |
| ===== XII ===== | ===== XII ===== | ||
| Line 1269: | Line 1269: | ||
| (1) Lit. "until the market is quite broken up," i.e. after mid-day. | (1) Lit. "until the market is quite broken up," i.e. after mid-day. | ||
| - | | + | See " |
| - | 173; iii. 104; vii. 223. | + | 173; iii. 104; vii. 223. |
| Of course, of course (I answered), you are naturally most careful not to forfeit the title they have given you of " | Of course, of course (I answered), you are naturally most careful not to forfeit the title they have given you of " | ||
| Line 1283: | Line 1283: | ||
| (4) The steward, like the carpenter, and the labourers in general, | (4) The steward, like the carpenter, and the labourers in general, | ||
| - | | + | would, as a rule, be a slave. See below, xxi. 9. |
| Isch. Most certainly the latter, Socrates; I try to educate them, as you say, myself; and with good reason. He who is properly to fill my place and manage my affairs when I am absent, my "alter ego," (5) needs but to have my knowledge; and if I am fit myself to stand at the head of my own business, I presume I should be able to put another in possession of my knowledge. (6) | Isch. Most certainly the latter, Socrates; I try to educate them, as you say, myself; and with good reason. He who is properly to fill my place and manage my affairs when I am absent, my "alter ego," (5) needs but to have my knowledge; and if I am fit myself to stand at the head of my own business, I presume I should be able to put another in possession of my knowledge. (6) | ||
| Line 1308: | Line 1308: | ||
| (7) {epimeleia} is a cardinal virtue with the Greeks, or at any rate | (7) {epimeleia} is a cardinal virtue with the Greeks, or at any rate | ||
| - | | + | with Xenophon, but it has no single name in English. |
| Soc. Nay, now in Heaven' | Soc. Nay, now in Heaven' | ||
| (8) For the Socratic problem {ei arete didakte} see Grote, "H. G." | (8) For the Socratic problem {ei arete didakte} see Grote, "H. G." | ||
| - | | + | viii. 599. |
| Isch. Nor is it possible, you are right so far, to teach such excellences to every single soul in order as simply as a man might number off his fingers. | Isch. Nor is it possible, you are right so far, to teach such excellences to every single soul in order as simply as a man might number off his fingers. | ||
| Line 1320: | Line 1320: | ||
| (9) Lit. "what kind of people can be taught them? By all means signify | (9) Lit. "what kind of people can be taught them? By all means signify | ||
| - | | + | the sort to me distinctly." |
| Ishc. Well, in the first place, you would have some difficulty in making intemperate people diligent—I speak of intemperance with regard to wine, for drunkenness creates forgetfulness of everything which needs to be done. | Ishc. Well, in the first place, you would have some difficulty in making intemperate people diligent—I speak of intemperance with regard to wine, for drunkenness creates forgetfulness of everything which needs to be done. | ||
| Line 1331: | Line 1331: | ||
| (10) Or, "What then—is the list exhausted? Are we to suppose that | (10) Or, "What then—is the list exhausted? Are we to suppose that | ||
| - | | + | these are the sole people..." |
| Isch. Surely we must include the slave to amorous affection. (11) Your woeful lover (12) is incapable of being taught attention to anything beyond one single object. (13) No light task, I take it, to discover any hope or occupation sweeter to him than that which now employs him, his care for his beloved, nor, when the call for action comes, (14) will it be easy to invent worse punishment than that he now endures in separation from the object of his passion. (15) Accordingly, | Isch. Surely we must include the slave to amorous affection. (11) Your woeful lover (12) is incapable of being taught attention to anything beyond one single object. (13) No light task, I take it, to discover any hope or occupation sweeter to him than that which now employs him, his care for his beloved, nor, when the call for action comes, (14) will it be easy to invent worse punishment than that he now endures in separation from the object of his passion. (15) Accordingly, | ||
| Line 1342: | Line 1342: | ||
| (14) Or, "where demands of business present themselves, and something | (14) Or, "where demands of business present themselves, and something | ||
| - | | + | must be done." |
| (15) Cf. Shakesp. " | (15) Cf. Shakesp. " | ||
| (16) Or, "I never dream of appointing as superintendent." | (16) Or, "I never dream of appointing as superintendent." | ||
| - | | + | iv. 7. |
| Soc. Well, and what of those addicted to another passion, that of gain? Are they, too, incapable of being trained to give attention to field and farming operations? | Soc. Well, and what of those addicted to another passion, that of gain? Are they, too, incapable of being trained to give attention to field and farming operations? | ||
| Line 1364: | Line 1364: | ||
| (18) Or, "to give others skill in ' | (18) Or, "to give others skill in ' | ||
| - | | + | " |
| - | scholarly." | + | scholarly." |
| (19) Lit. "when the teacher traces the outline of the thing to copy | (19) Lit. "when the teacher traces the outline of the thing to copy | ||
| - | | + | badly." |
| - | 2. Cf. Aristot. " | + | 2. Cf. Aristot. " |
| - | note ad loc. | + | note ad loc. |
| (20) Or, "but they did not go scot-free"; | (20) Or, "but they did not go scot-free"; | ||
| - | | + | rife." |
| (21) Cf. Plat. " | (21) Cf. Plat. " | ||
| - | | + | managing the herds, or having the care of them, that will include |
| - | all, and then we may wrap up the statesman with the rest, as the | + | all, and then we may wrap up the statesman with the rest, as the |
| - | argument seems to require." | + | argument seems to require." |
| (22) Or, "he must have skill to over-eye the field of labour, and be | (22) Or, "he must have skill to over-eye the field of labour, and be | ||
| - | | + | scrutinous." |
| (23) "For every boon of service well performed he must be eager to | (23) "For every boon of service well performed he must be eager to | ||
| - | | + | make requital to the author of it, nor hesitate to visit on the |
| - | heads of those neglectful of their duty a just recompense." | + | heads of those neglectful of their duty a just recompense." |
| - | language is poetical.) | + | language is poetical.) |
| (24) See Aristot. " | (24) See Aristot. " | ||
| - | | + | "H. N." xviii. 5. Cic. ap. Colum. iv. 18; ib. vi. 21; La Fontaine, |
| - | " | + | " |
| (25) Or, "so, too, in general it seems to me 'the master' | (25) Or, "so, too, in general it seems to me 'the master' | ||
| - | | + | aptest to elicit energy to issue beautiful and good." |
| ===== XIII ===== | ===== XIII ===== | ||
| Line 1405: | Line 1405: | ||
| (2) Lit. "what it is to the advantage of his patient to do, is beyond | (2) Lit. "what it is to the advantage of his patient to do, is beyond | ||
| - | | + | his ken." |
| Soc. But suppose him to have learnt the whole routine of business, will he need aught else, or have we found at last your bailiff absolute? (3) | Soc. But suppose him to have learnt the whole routine of business, will he need aught else, or have we found at last your bailiff absolute? (3) | ||
| (3) Cf. Plat. " | (3) Cf. Plat. " | ||
| - | | + | bailiff." |
| Isch. He must learn at any rate, I think, to rule his fellow-workmen. | Isch. He must learn at any rate, I think, to rule his fellow-workmen. | ||
| Line 1425: | Line 1425: | ||
| (4) i.e. {arkhikos} includes (1) {despotikos}, | (4) i.e. {arkhikos} includes (1) {despotikos}, | ||
| - | | + | of any sort, from the master of one's own family to the {turannos |
| - | kai despotes} (Plat. " | + | kai despotes} (Plat. " |
| - | {basilikos}, | + | {basilikos}, |
| Thus, then, I reason, (5) Socrates (he answered): The lower animals are taught obedience by two methods chiefly, partly through being punished when they make attempts to disobey, partly by experiencing some kindness when they cheerfully submit. This is the principle at any rate adopted in the breaking of young horses. The animal obeys its trainer, and something sweet is sure to follow; or it disobeys, and in place of something sweet it finds a peck of trouble; and so on, until it comes at last to yield obedience to the trainer' | Thus, then, I reason, (5) Socrates (he answered): The lower animals are taught obedience by two methods chiefly, partly through being punished when they make attempts to disobey, partly by experiencing some kindness when they cheerfully submit. This is the principle at any rate adopted in the breaking of young horses. The animal obeys its trainer, and something sweet is sure to follow; or it disobeys, and in place of something sweet it finds a peck of trouble; and so on, until it comes at last to yield obedience to the trainer' | ||
| (5) {oukoun}. "This, then, is my major premiss: the dumb animal..." | (5) {oukoun}. "This, then, is my major premiss: the dumb animal..." | ||
| - | | + | (lit. "the rest of animals" |
| (6) {ta kunidia} possibly implies " | (6) {ta kunidia} possibly implies " | ||
| (7) {te gnome... te glotte}, i.e. mental impression and expression, | (7) {te gnome... te glotte}, i.e. mental impression and expression, | ||
| - | | + | "mind and tongue." |
| (8) Or, "to run round and round and turn heels over head." Al. "dive | (8) Or, "to run round and round and turn heels over head." Al. "dive | ||
| - | | + | for objects." |
| (9) " | (9) " | ||
| - | | + | word demonstrate to him..." |
| (10) Cf. Plat. " | (10) Cf. Plat. " | ||
| Line 1452: | Line 1452: | ||
| (13) {ergastersi}, | (13) {ergastersi}, | ||
| - | | + | Hold. ad loc. for similar forms, and cf. Rutherford, "New |
| - | Phrynichus," | + | Phrynichus," |
| (14) Cf. Aristot. " | (14) Cf. Aristot. " | ||
| - | | + | further). |
| ===== XIV ===== | ===== XIV ===== | ||
| Line 1464: | Line 1464: | ||
| (1) Or, "that discipline flows from him;" al. "he presents you with | (1) Or, "that discipline flows from him;" al. "he presents you with | ||
| - | | + | obedient servants." |
| (2) Lit. "will he still need something further to complete him?" | (2) Lit. "will he still need something further to complete him?" | ||
| Line 1475: | Line 1475: | ||
| (3) Cobet, "Pros. Xen." cf. Plut. " | (3) Cobet, "Pros. Xen." cf. Plut. " | ||
| - | | + | Drakontos nomous aneile k.t.l.} " |
| - | Draco' | + | Draco' |
| - | too severe and the punishments too great; for death was appointed | + | too severe and the punishments too great; for death was appointed |
| - | for almost all offences, insomuch that those that were convicted | + | for almost all offences, insomuch that those that were convicted |
| - | of idleness were to die, and those that stole a cabbage or an | + | of idleness were to die, and those that stole a cabbage or an |
| - | apple to suffer even as villains that committed sacrilege or | + | apple to suffer even as villains that committed sacrilege or |
| - | murder" | + | murder" |
| (4) "The branch of justice which concerns us, viz. righteous dealing | (4) "The branch of justice which concerns us, viz. righteous dealing | ||
| - | | + | between man and man." |
| (5) For this sense of {tous egkheirountas} cf. Thuc. iv. 121; " | (5) For this sense of {tous egkheirountas} cf. Thuc. iv. 121; " | ||
| - | | + | IV. v. 16. Al. {dedesthai tous egkheirountas kai thanatousthai en |
| - | tis alo poion} (Weiske), "let the attempt be punished with | + | tis alo poion} (Weiske), "let the attempt be punished with |
| - | imprisonment"; | + | imprisonment"; |
| (6) Cf. Plat. " | (6) Cf. Plat. " | ||
| (7) Or, "the royal laws," i.e. of Persia. Cf. " | (7) Or, "the royal laws," i.e. of Persia. Cf. " | ||
| - | | + | " |
| - | 317 C; {to men orthon nomos esti basilikos}. | + | 317 C; {to men orthon nomos esti basilikos}. |
| (8) Lit. " | (8) Lit. " | ||
| (9) Lit. " | (9) Lit. " | ||
| - | | + | unjust, many albeit covetous at heart themselves most constantly |
| - | abide by abstinence from evil-doing." | + | abide by abstinence from evil-doing." |
| Those of my household (he proceeded) whom, in spite of kindly treatment, I perceive to be persistently bent on evil-doing, in the end I treat as desperate cases. Incurable self-seekers, | Those of my household (he proceeded) whom, in spite of kindly treatment, I perceive to be persistently bent on evil-doing, in the end I treat as desperate cases. Incurable self-seekers, | ||
| (10) Lit. " | (10) Lit. " | ||
| - | | + | honesty—not solely because honesty is the best policy). |
| (11) Or, "men of fair and noble type"; "true gentlemen." | (11) Or, "men of fair and noble type"; "true gentlemen." | ||
| - | | + | suggests the " |
| (12) Cf. Hom. " | (12) Cf. Hom. " | ||
| - | | + | aphthiton estai}, "but my fame shall be imperishable." |
| ===== XV ===== | ===== XV ===== | ||
| Line 1520: | Line 1520: | ||
| (1) {apodeiknuon}, | (1) {apodeiknuon}, | ||
| - | | + | the year. Cf. " |
| (2) {ede}, at this stage of the discussion. | (2) {ede}, at this stage of the discussion. | ||
| (3) Or, "that part of the discussion which we ran over in a light and | (3) Or, "that part of the discussion which we ran over in a light and | ||
| - | | + | airy fashion," |
| What topic, pray, was that? (he asked). | What topic, pray, was that? (he asked). | ||
| Line 1534: | Line 1534: | ||
| (4) Keeping the vulg. order of SS. 3-9, which many commentators would | (4) Keeping the vulg. order of SS. 3-9, which many commentators would | ||
| - | | + | rearrange in various ways. See Breit. ad loc.; Lincke, op. cit. p. |
| - | 111 foll. | + | 111 foll. |
| Yes (I replied), for now it looks as if this art were one which made the wise and skilled possessor of it wealthy, whilst the unskilled, in spite of all the pains he takes, must live in indigence. | Yes (I replied), for now it looks as if this art were one which made the wise and skilled possessor of it wealthy, whilst the unskilled, in spite of all the pains he takes, must live in indigence. | ||
| Line 1542: | Line 1542: | ||
| (5) Or, " | (5) Or, " | ||
| - | | + | loving-kindness of this art, to man the friendliest." |
| (6) Schenkl regards this sentence as an interpolation. For the epithet | (6) Schenkl regards this sentence as an interpolation. For the epithet | ||
| - | | + | {gennaios} applied to the dog see " |
| - | " | + | " |
| Allow me to explain, Ischomachus (I interposed). Up to a certain point I fully followed what you said. I understand, according to your theory, how a bailiff must be taught. In other words, I follow your descriptions both as to how you make him kindly disposed towards yourself; and how, again, you make him careful, capable of rule, and upright. But at that point you made the statement that, in order to apply this diligence to tillage rightly, the careful husbandman must further learn what are the different things he has to do, and not alone what things he has to do, but how and when to do them. These are the topics which, in my opinion, have hitherto been somewhat lightly handled in the argument. Let me make my meaning clearer by an instance: it is as if you were to tell me that, in order to be able to take down a speech in writing, (7) or to read a written statement, a man must know his letters. Of course, if not stone deaf, I must have garnered that for a certain object knowledge of letters was important to me, but the bare recognition of the fact, I fear, would not enable me in any deeper sense to know my letters. So, too, at present I am easily persuaded that if I am to direct my care aright in tillage I must have a knowledge of the art of tillage. But the bare recognition of the fact does not one whit provide me with the knowledge how I ought to till. And if I resolved without ado to set about the work of tilling, I imagine, I should soon resemble your physician going on his rounds and visiting his patients without knowing what to prescribe or what to do to ease their sufferings. To save me from the like predicaments, | Allow me to explain, Ischomachus (I interposed). Up to a certain point I fully followed what you said. I understand, according to your theory, how a bailiff must be taught. In other words, I follow your descriptions both as to how you make him kindly disposed towards yourself; and how, again, you make him careful, capable of rule, and upright. But at that point you made the statement that, in order to apply this diligence to tillage rightly, the careful husbandman must further learn what are the different things he has to do, and not alone what things he has to do, but how and when to do them. These are the topics which, in my opinion, have hitherto been somewhat lightly handled in the argument. Let me make my meaning clearer by an instance: it is as if you were to tell me that, in order to be able to take down a speech in writing, (7) or to read a written statement, a man must know his letters. Of course, if not stone deaf, I must have garnered that for a certain object knowledge of letters was important to me, but the bare recognition of the fact, I fear, would not enable me in any deeper sense to know my letters. So, too, at present I am easily persuaded that if I am to direct my care aright in tillage I must have a knowledge of the art of tillage. But the bare recognition of the fact does not one whit provide me with the knowledge how I ought to till. And if I resolved without ado to set about the work of tilling, I imagine, I should soon resemble your physician going on his rounds and visiting his patients without knowing what to prescribe or what to do to ease their sufferings. To save me from the like predicaments, | ||
| Line 1555: | Line 1555: | ||
| (8) "Nay, if you will but listen, Socrates, with husbandry it is not | (8) "Nay, if you will but listen, Socrates, with husbandry it is not | ||
| - | | + | the same as with the other arts." |
| (9) {katatribenai}, | (9) {katatribenai}, | ||
| - | | + | "bored to death." |
| (10) Or, " | (10) Or, " | ||
| Line 1576: | Line 1576: | ||
| (2) Or, "the riddling subtlety of tillage." | (2) Or, "the riddling subtlety of tillage." | ||
| - | | + | Plat. " |
| (3) Theophr. "De Caus." ii. 4, 12, mentions Leophanes amongst other | (3) Theophr. "De Caus." ii. 4, 12, mentions Leophanes amongst other | ||
| - | | + | writers on agriculture preceding himself. |
| And they are surely right in their assertion (I replied); for he who does not know what the soil is capable of bearing, can hardly know, I fancy, what he has to plant or what to sow. | And they are surely right in their assertion (I replied); for he who does not know what the soil is capable of bearing, can hardly know, I fancy, what he has to plant or what to sow. | ||
| Line 1586: | Line 1586: | ||
| (4) Holden cf. Virg. " | (4) Holden cf. Virg. " | ||
| - | | + | commentator Servius, the poet drew largely upon Xenophon' |
| - | treatise. | + | treatise. |
| (5) Or, " | (5) Or, " | ||
| Line 1600: | Line 1600: | ||
| (9) Lit. "And indeed the opinions they pronounce about 'a good soil' | (9) Lit. "And indeed the opinions they pronounce about 'a good soil' | ||
| - | | + | mostly tally with the verdict of the expert farmer." |
| Isch. At what point shall I begin then, Socrates, to revive your recollection (10) of the art of husbandry? since to explain to you the processes employed in husbandry means the statement of a hundred details which you know yourself full well already. | Isch. At what point shall I begin then, Socrates, to revive your recollection (10) of the art of husbandry? since to explain to you the processes employed in husbandry means the statement of a hundred details which you know yourself full well already. | ||
| (10) Or, "begin recalling to your mind." See Plat. " | (10) Or, "begin recalling to your mind." See Plat. " | ||
| - | | + | doctrine of Anamensis here apparently referred to. |
| Soc. The first thing I should like to learn, Ischomachus, | Soc. The first thing I should like to learn, Ischomachus, | ||
| Line 1612: | Line 1612: | ||
| (11) Or, " | (11) Or, " | ||
| - | | + | " |
| Soc. Yes, I am aware of that. | Soc. Yes, I am aware of that. | ||
| Line 1629: | Line 1629: | ||
| (12) {kheisthai} = laxari, dissolvi, to be most friable, to scatter | (12) {kheisthai} = laxari, dissolvi, to be most friable, to scatter | ||
| - | | + | readily. |
| Isch. Yes, and grasses (13) turned over at that season, Socrates, serve to supply the soil already with manure; while as they have not shed their seed as yet, they cannot vegetate. (14) I am supposing that you recognise a further fact: to form good land, a fallow must be clean and clear of undergrowth and weeds, (15) and baked as much as possible by exposure to the sun. (16) | Isch. Yes, and grasses (13) turned over at that season, Socrates, serve to supply the soil already with manure; while as they have not shed their seed as yet, they cannot vegetate. (14) I am supposing that you recognise a further fact: to form good land, a fallow must be clean and clear of undergrowth and weeds, (15) and baked as much as possible by exposure to the sun. (16) | ||
| (13) " | (13) " | ||
| - | | + | Theophr. "Hist. Pl." i. 3. 1; Holden, "green crops." |
| (14) Lit. "and not as yet have shed their seed so as to spring into | (14) Lit. "and not as yet have shed their seed so as to spring into | ||
| - | | + | blade." |
| (15) Or, " | (15) Or, " | ||
| (16) Holden cf. Virg. " | (16) Holden cf. Virg. " | ||
| - | | + | Lucr. vi. 962. |
| Soc. Yes, that is quite a proper state of things, I should imagine. | Soc. Yes, that is quite a proper state of things, I should imagine. | ||
| Line 1664: | Line 1664: | ||
| (1) See Dr. Holden' | (1) See Dr. Holden' | ||
| - | | + | Virgil (' |
| Yes, Ischomachus (I answered), for all mankind must recognise the precept: (2) "Sow not on dry soil" (if it can be avoided), being taught wisdom doubtless by the heavy losses they must struggle with who sow before God's bidding. | Yes, Ischomachus (I answered), for all mankind must recognise the precept: (2) "Sow not on dry soil" (if it can be avoided), being taught wisdom doubtless by the heavy losses they must struggle with who sow before God's bidding. | ||
| Line 1679: | Line 1679: | ||
| (4) See Holden ad loc. Sauppe, "Lex. Xen.," notes {opsimos} as Ionic | (4) See Holden ad loc. Sauppe, "Lex. Xen.," notes {opsimos} as Ionic | ||
| - | | + | and poet. See also Rutherford, "New Phryn." |
| - | with in a line of the ' | + | with in a line of the ' |
| - | till late Greek except in the ' | + | till late Greek except in the ' |
| - | Xenophon." | + | Xenophon." |
| Soc. Just so, for neither does God guide the year in one set fashion, but irregularly, | Soc. Just so, for neither does God guide the year in one set fashion, but irregularly, | ||
| Line 1691: | Line 1691: | ||
| (5) Or, "share in the entire period of seed time." Zeune cf. " | (5) Or, "share in the entire period of seed time." Zeune cf. " | ||
| - | | + | ii. 14. 8; Mr. Ruskin' |
| - | Eccles. xi. 6. | + | Eccles. xi. 6. |
| (6) Lit. " | (6) Lit. " | ||
| Line 1709: | Line 1709: | ||
| (8) Holden cf. W. Harte, " | (8) Holden cf. W. Harte, " | ||
| - | | + | main perfection of sowing is to disperse the seeds equally." |
| Soc. Does it not come to this, the hand needs practice (like the fingers of a harp-player) to obey the will? | Soc. Does it not come to this, the hand needs practice (like the fingers of a harp-player) to obey the will? | ||
| Line 1720: | Line 1720: | ||
| (9) See Theophr. "Hist. Pl." viii. 6. 2; Virg. " | (9) See Theophr. "Hist. Pl." viii. 6. 2; Virg. " | ||
| - | | + | Holden cf. Adam Dickson, " |
| - | 33 f. (Edin. 1788), "Were the poor light land in Britain managed | + | 33 f. (Edin. 1788), "Were the poor light land in Britain managed |
| - | after the manner of the Roman husbandry, it would certainly | + | after the manner of the Roman husbandry, it would certainly |
| - | require much less seed than under its present management." | + | require much less seed than under its present management." |
| Soc. The stronger the wine the larger the dose of water to be added, I believe. The stronger, too, the man the heavier the weight we will lay upon his back to carry: or if it is not porterage, but people to support, there still my tenet holds: the broader and more powerful the great man's shoulders, the more mouths I should assign to him to feed. But perhaps a weak soil, like a lean pack-horse, (10) grows stronger the more corn you pour into it. This I look to you to teach me. (11) | Soc. The stronger the wine the larger the dose of water to be added, I believe. The stronger, too, the man the heavier the weight we will lay upon his back to carry: or if it is not porterage, but people to support, there still my tenet holds: the broader and more powerful the great man's shoulders, the more mouths I should assign to him to feed. But perhaps a weak soil, like a lean pack-horse, (10) grows stronger the more corn you pour into it. This I look to you to teach me. (11) | ||
| Line 1736: | Line 1736: | ||
| (13) {dia telous... es telos}, " | (13) {dia telous... es telos}, " | ||
| - | | + | references in Holden' |
| Soc. I understand you to say, Ischomachus, | Soc. I understand you to say, Ischomachus, | ||
| Line 1781: | Line 1781: | ||
| (18) Or, "I was just this moment pondering the virtue of a happy | (18) Or, "I was just this moment pondering the virtue of a happy | ||
| - | | + | illustration." |
| - | ({tas eikonas}) well." See Plat. " | + | ({tas eikonas}) well." See Plat. " |
| - | parable" | + | parable" |
| - | 559; Plat. " | + | 559; Plat. " |
| - | drones, J. J. Hartman, "An. X." 186, aptly cf. Aristoph. " | + | drones, J. J. Hartman, "An. X." 186, aptly cf. Aristoph. " |
| - | 1114 f. | + | 1114 f. |
| ===== XVIII ===== | ===== XVIII ===== | ||
| Line 1804: | Line 1804: | ||
| (2) i.e. "with particles of straw and beards of corn blowing in one's | (2) i.e. "with particles of straw and beards of corn blowing in one's | ||
| - | | + | face." |
| Isch. And should you merely sever the ears at top, or reap close to the ground? (3) | Isch. And should you merely sever the ears at top, or reap close to the ground? (3) | ||
| (3) See Holden ad loc.; Sir Anthony Fitzherbert, | (3) See Holden ad loc.; Sir Anthony Fitzherbert, | ||
| - | | + | 1767), "In Somersetshire... they do share theyr wheate very |
| - | lowe...." | + | lowe...." |
| If the stalk of corn were short (I answered), I should cut down close, to secure a sufficient length of straw to be of use. But if the stalk be tall, you would do right, I hold, to cut it half-way down, whereby the thresher and the winnower will be saved some extra labour (which both may well be spared). (4) The stalk left standing in the field, when burnt down (as burnt it will be, I presume), will help to benefit the soil; (5) and laid on as manure, will serve to swell the volume of manure. (6) | If the stalk of corn were short (I answered), I should cut down close, to secure a sufficient length of straw to be of use. But if the stalk be tall, you would do right, I hold, to cut it half-way down, whereby the thresher and the winnower will be saved some extra labour (which both may well be spared). (4) The stalk left standing in the field, when burnt down (as burnt it will be, I presume), will help to benefit the soil; (5) and laid on as manure, will serve to swell the volume of manure. (6) | ||
| Line 1819: | Line 1819: | ||
| (6) "Help to swell the bulk" (Holden). For the custom see Virg. | (6) "Help to swell the bulk" (Holden). For the custom see Virg. | ||
| - | | + | " |
| - | the stubble on the rich plains about Rome continues to this time." | + | the stubble on the rich plains about Rome continues to this time." |
| Isch. There, Socrates, you are detected "in the very act"; you know as much about reaping as I do myself. | Isch. There, Socrates, you are detected "in the very act"; you know as much about reaping as I do myself. | ||
| Line 1829: | Line 1829: | ||
| (7) Holden cf. Dr. Davy, "Notes and Observations on the Ionian | (7) Holden cf. Dr. Davy, "Notes and Observations on the Ionian | ||
| - | | + | Islands." |
| - | by men, horses, or mules, on a threshing-floor prepared extempore | + | by men, horses, or mules, on a threshing-floor prepared extempore |
| - | for the purpose, where the ground is firm and dry, and the chaff | + | for the purpose, where the ground is firm and dry, and the chaff |
| - | is separated by winnowing." | + | is separated by winnowing." |
| - | 41 foll. | + | 41 foll. |
| Soc. Yes, I am aware of that much, and beast of burthen is a general name including oxen, horses, mules, and so forth. (8) | Soc. Yes, I am aware of that much, and beast of burthen is a general name including oxen, horses, mules, and so forth. (8) | ||
| Line 1854: | Line 1854: | ||
| (10) Breit. cf. Colum. "de r. r." ii. 10, 14, 21; vide Rich, s.v. | (10) Breit. cf. Colum. "de r. r." ii. 10, 14, 21; vide Rich, s.v. | ||
| - | | + | ventilabrum. |
| Isch. Yes, but tell me, Socrates; do you know that if you begin the process from the windward portion (of the threshing-floor), | Isch. Yes, but tell me, Socrates; do you know that if you begin the process from the windward portion (of the threshing-floor), | ||
| Line 1865: | Line 1865: | ||
| (11) Lit. "it is a long space for the chaff to be carried." | (11) Lit. "it is a long space for the chaff to be carried." | ||
| - | | + | "It is of great consequence the chaff should be carried beyond the |
| - | corn." (2) "It often happens that the corn is blown not only on to | + | corn." (2) "It often happens that the corn is blown not only on to |
| - | the corn, but over and beyond it into the empty portion of the | + | the corn, but over and beyond it into the empty portion of the |
| - | threshing-floor." | + | threshing-floor." |
| Isch. But now, suppose you begin winnowing on the " | Isch. But now, suppose you begin winnowing on the " | ||
| (12) Or, "on the side of the threshing-floor opposite the wind." Al. | (12) Or, "on the side of the threshing-floor opposite the wind." Al. | ||
| - | | + | " |
| Soc. It is clear the chaff will at once fall into the chaff-receiver. (13) | Soc. It is clear the chaff will at once fall into the chaff-receiver. (13) | ||
| (13) A hollowed-out portion of the threshing-floor, | (13) A hollowed-out portion of the threshing-floor, | ||
| - | | + | Breitenbach. |
| Isch. And when you have cleansed the corn over half the floor, will you proceed at once, with the corn thus strewn in front of you, to winnow the remainder, (14) or will you first pack the clean grain into the narrowest space against the central pillar? (15) | Isch. And when you have cleansed the corn over half the floor, will you proceed at once, with the corn thus strewn in front of you, to winnow the remainder, (14) or will you first pack the clean grain into the narrowest space against the central pillar? (15) | ||
| (14) Lit. "of the chaff," | (14) Lit. "of the chaff," | ||
| - | | + | process separating chaff from grain and grain from chaff. |
| (15) If that is the meaning of {ton polon}. Al. "the outer edge or rim | (15) If that is the meaning of {ton polon}. Al. "the outer edge or rim | ||
| - | | + | of the threshing-floor." |
| Soc. Yes, upon my word! first pack together the clean grain, and proceed. My chaff will now be carried into the empty portion of the floor, and I shall escape the need of winnowing twice over. (16) | Soc. Yes, upon my word! first pack together the clean grain, and proceed. My chaff will now be carried into the empty portion of the floor, and I shall escape the need of winnowing twice over. (16) | ||
| Line 1895: | Line 1895: | ||
| (17) Lit. "After all, Socrates, it seems you could even teach another | (17) Lit. "After all, Socrates, it seems you could even teach another | ||
| - | | + | how to purge his corn most expeditiously." |
| Soc. It seems, then, as you say, I must have known about these matters, though unconsciously; | Soc. It seems, then, as you say, I must have known about these matters, though unconsciously; | ||
| Line 1906: | Line 1906: | ||
| (19) Or, "but for all my science, I was ignorant (of knowing my own | (19) Or, "but for all my science, I was ignorant (of knowing my own | ||
| - | | + | knowledge)." |
| ===== XIX ===== | ===== XIX ===== | ||
| Line 1924: | Line 1924: | ||
| (2) Reading {to phuto}, "nor yet how deep or broad to sink (the hole) | (2) Reading {to phuto}, "nor yet how deep or broad to sink (the hole) | ||
| - | | + | for the plant." |
| - | {bothron}. | + | {bothron}. |
| (3) See Loudon, " | (3) See Loudon, " | ||
| - | | + | plantations of the vine are made by dibbling in cuttings of two |
| - | feet of length; pressing the earth firmly to their lower end, an | + | feet of length; pressing the earth firmly to their lower end, an |
| - | essential part of the operation, noticed even by Xenophon." | + | essential part of the operation, noticed even by Xenophon." |
| (4) Lit. "how, laid in the soil, the plant will best shoot forth or | (4) Lit. "how, laid in the soil, the plant will best shoot forth or | ||
| - | | + | grow." |
| Isch. Come, then, to lessons, pupil, and be taught whatever you do not know already! You have seen, I know, the sort of trenches which are dug for plants? | Isch. Come, then, to lessons, pupil, and be taught whatever you do not know already! You have seen, I know, the sort of trenches which are dug for plants? | ||
| Line 1946: | Line 1946: | ||
| (5) Or, " | (5) Or, " | ||
| - | | + | 16, 22; Columell. v. 5. 2; ib. iii. 15. 2; Virg. " |
| Soc. No, upon my word, not even more than two feet broad. | Soc. No, upon my word, not even more than two feet broad. | ||
| Line 1975: | Line 1975: | ||
| (9) Lit. "As soon as the trenches have been dug then, have you further | (9) Lit. "As soon as the trenches have been dug then, have you further | ||
| - | | + | noticed..." |
| (10) (1) The vulg. reading {openika... ekatera} = "at what precise | (10) (1) The vulg. reading {openika... ekatera} = "at what precise | ||
| - | | + | time... either (i.e. 'the two different' |
| - | "vine and olive" or "vine and fig," I suppose; (2) Breit. emend. | + | "vine and olive" or "vine and fig," I suppose; (2) Breit. emend. |
| - | {opotera... en ekatera} = "which kind of plant... in either | + | {opotera... en ekatera} = "which kind of plant... in either |
| - | soil..."; | + | soil..."; |
| - | what season... in each of the two sorts of soil..." | + | what season... in each of the two sorts of soil..." |
| Soc. Certainly. (11) | Soc. Certainly. (11) | ||
| (11) There is an obvious lacuna either before or after this remark, or | (11) There is an obvious lacuna either before or after this remark, or | ||
| - | | + | at both places. |
| Isch. Supposing, then, you wish the plants to grow as fast as possible: how will the cutting strike and sprout, do you suppose, most readily? | Isch. Supposing, then, you wish the plants to grow as fast as possible: how will the cutting strike and sprout, do you suppose, most readily? | ||
| Line 2000: | Line 2000: | ||
| (12) Lit. "if you set the whole cutting straight up, facing | (12) Lit. "if you set the whole cutting straight up, facing | ||
| - | | + | heavenwards." |
| (13) i.e. Anglice, "like the letter {G} upon its back" {an inverted | (13) i.e. Anglice, "like the letter {G} upon its back" {an inverted | ||
| - | | + | " |
| - | Cent. v. 426: "When you would have many new roots of fruit-trees, | + | Cent. v. 426: "When you would have many new roots of fruit-trees, |
| - | take a low tree and bow it and lay all his branches aflat upon the | + | take a low tree and bow it and lay all his branches aflat upon the |
| - | ground and cast earth upon them; and every twig will take root. | + | ground and cast earth upon them; and every twig will take root. |
| - | And this is a very profitable experiment for costly trees (for the | + | And this is a very profitable experiment for costly trees (for the |
| - | boughs will make stock without charge), such as are apricots, | + | boughs will make stock without charge), such as are apricots, |
| - | peaches, almonds, cornelians, mulberries, figs, etc. The like is | + | peaches, almonds, cornelians, mulberries, figs, etc. The like is |
| - | continually practised with vines, roses, musk roses, etc." | + | continually practised with vines, roses, musk roses, etc." |
| Soc. Like an inverted gamma, to be sure, for so the plant must needs have more eyes under ground. Now it is from these same eyes of theirs, if I may trust my own, (14) that plants put forth their shoots above ground. I imagine, therefore, the eyes still underground will do the same precisely, and with so many buds all springing under earth, the plant itself, I argue, as a whole will sprout and shoot and push its way with speed and vigour. | Soc. Like an inverted gamma, to be sure, for so the plant must needs have more eyes under ground. Now it is from these same eyes of theirs, if I may trust my own, (14) that plants put forth their shoots above ground. I imagine, therefore, the eyes still underground will do the same precisely, and with so many buds all springing under earth, the plant itself, I argue, as a whole will sprout and shoot and push its way with speed and vigour. | ||
| Line 2029: | Line 2029: | ||
| (16) {akrodrua} = " | (16) {akrodrua} = " | ||
| - | | + | " |
| - | viii. 28. 8, {out akrodrua out opora khronios}; Theophr. "H. Pl." | + | viii. 28. 8, {out akrodrua out opora khronios}; Theophr. "H. Pl." |
| - | iv. 4. 11. (At a later period, see " | + | iv. 4. 11. (At a later period, see " |
| - | having a hard rind or shell," | + | having a hard rind or shell," |
| - | pears, apples, grapes, etc., {opora}.) See further the interesting | + | pears, apples, grapes, etc., {opora}.) See further the interesting |
| - | regulations in Plat. " | + | regulations in Plat. " |
| (17) Lit. " | (17) Lit. " | ||
| Line 2043: | Line 2043: | ||
| (18) Plat. " | (18) Plat. " | ||
| - | | + | whether you are giving your own opinion, or only wanting to draw |
| - | me out" (Jowett). | + | me out" (Jowett). |
| (19) For the advantage, see " | (19) For the advantage, see " | ||
| Line 2057: | Line 2057: | ||
| (21) See Theophr. "H. Pl." ii. 2, 4; "de Caus." iii. 5. 1; " | (21) See Theophr. "H. Pl." ii. 2, 4; "de Caus." iii. 5. 1; " | ||
| - | | + | ix. 11. 4, ap. Hold.; Col. v. 9. 1; xi. 2. 42. |
| (22) Or, " | (22) Or, " | ||
| Line 2070: | Line 2070: | ||
| (24) Lit. "Is questioning after all a kind of teaching?" | (24) Lit. "Is questioning after all a kind of teaching?" | ||
| - | | + | " |
| (25) It appears, then, that the Xenophontean Socrates has {episteme} | (25) It appears, then, that the Xenophontean Socrates has {episteme} | ||
| - | | + | of a sort. |
| (26) Or, "a series of resemblances," | (26) Or, "a series of resemblances," | ||
| - | | + | {epideiknus}: |
| - | such or such a thing is like some other thing known to me | + | such or such a thing is like some other thing known to me |
| - | already." | + | already." |
| Isch. Do you suppose if I began to question you concerning money and its quality, (27) I could possibly persuade you that you know the method to distinguish good from false coin? Or could I, by a string of questions about flute-players, | Isch. Do you suppose if I began to question you concerning money and its quality, (27) I could possibly persuade you that you know the method to distinguish good from false coin? Or could I, by a string of questions about flute-players, | ||
| Line 2087: | Line 2087: | ||
| (28) Or, "since you actually succeeded in persuading me I was | (28) Or, "since you actually succeeded in persuading me I was | ||
| - | | + | scientifically versed in," etc. See Plat. " |
| - | " | + | " |
| Isch. Ah! that is not the explanation, | Isch. Ah! that is not the explanation, | ||
| Line 2118: | Line 2118: | ||
| (4) There is something amiss with the text at this point. For | (4) There is something amiss with the text at this point. For | ||
| - | | + | emendations see Breit., Schenkl, Holden, Hartman. |
| You will find the principle applies elsewhere. There are points of strategic conduct in which generals differ from each other for the better or the worse, not because they differ in respect of wit or judgment, but of carefulness undoubtedly. I speak of things within the cognisance of every general, and indeed of almost every private soldier, which some commanders are careful to perform and others not. Who does not know, for instance, that in marching through a hostile territory an army ought to march in the order best adapted to deliver battle with effect should need arise? (5)—a golden rule which, punctually obeyed by some, is disobeyed by others. Again, as all the world knows, it is better to place day and night pickets (6) in front of an encampment. Yet even that is a procedure which, carefully observed at times, is at times as carelessly neglected. Once more: not one man in ten thousand, (7) I suppose, but knows that when a force is marching through a narrow defile, the safer method is to occupy beforehand certain points of vantage. (8) Yet this precaution also has been known to be neglected. | You will find the principle applies elsewhere. There are points of strategic conduct in which generals differ from each other for the better or the worse, not because they differ in respect of wit or judgment, but of carefulness undoubtedly. I speak of things within the cognisance of every general, and indeed of almost every private soldier, which some commanders are careful to perform and others not. Who does not know, for instance, that in marching through a hostile territory an army ought to march in the order best adapted to deliver battle with effect should need arise? (5)—a golden rule which, punctually obeyed by some, is disobeyed by others. Again, as all the world knows, it is better to place day and night pickets (6) in front of an encampment. Yet even that is a procedure which, carefully observed at times, is at times as carelessly neglected. Once more: not one man in ten thousand, (7) I suppose, but knows that when a force is marching through a narrow defile, the safer method is to occupy beforehand certain points of vantage. (8) Yet this precaution also has been known to be neglected. | ||
| (5) See Thuc. ii. 81: "The Hellenic troops maintained order on the | (5) See Thuc. ii. 81: "The Hellenic troops maintained order on the | ||
| - | | + | march and kept a look-out until..." |
| (6) See " | (6) See " | ||
| Line 2130: | Line 2130: | ||
| (8) Or, "to seize advantageous positions in advance." | (8) Or, "to seize advantageous positions in advance." | ||
| - | | + | 5. |
| Similarly, every one will tell you that manure is the best thing in the world for agriculture, | Similarly, every one will tell you that manure is the best thing in the world for agriculture, | ||
| Line 2137: | Line 2137: | ||
| (10) i.e. "each fallen leaf, each sprig or spray of undergrowth, | (10) i.e. "each fallen leaf, each sprig or spray of undergrowth, | ||
| - | | + | very weeds, each clod." Lit. "what kind of material, what kind of |
| - | soil does not become manure when thrown into stagnant water?" | + | soil does not become manure when thrown into stagnant water?" |
| So, again, as touching the various ways in which the earth itself needs treatment, either as being too moist for sowing, or too salt (11) for planting, these and the processes of cure are known to all men: how in one case the superfluous water is drawn off by trenches, and in the other the salt corrected by being mixed with various non-salt bodies, moist or dry. Yet here again, in spite of knowledge, some are careful of these matters, others negligent. | So, again, as touching the various ways in which the earth itself needs treatment, either as being too moist for sowing, or too salt (11) for planting, these and the processes of cure are known to all men: how in one case the superfluous water is drawn off by trenches, and in the other the salt corrected by being mixed with various non-salt bodies, moist or dry. Yet here again, in spite of knowledge, some are careful of these matters, others negligent. | ||
| (11) See Anatol. " | (11) See Anatol. " | ||
| - | | + | 8, ap. Holden. Cf. Virg. " |
| salsa autem tellus, et quae perhibetur amara frugibus infelix. | salsa autem tellus, et quae perhibetur amara frugibus infelix. | ||
| Line 2158: | Line 2158: | ||
| (16) Reading, with Sauppe, {all' e georgia}, or if, with Jacobs, {e en | (16) Reading, with Sauppe, {all' e georgia}, or if, with Jacobs, {e en | ||
| - | | + | georgia argia}, transl. "as that of idleness in husbandry." |
| (17) Or, "if not, he must be entirely irrational." | (17) Or, "if not, he must be entirely irrational." | ||
| - | | + | 37 C. |
| Presently, Ischomachus proceeded: Now it is of prime importance, (18) in reference to the profitableness or unprofitableness of agriculture, | Presently, Ischomachus proceeded: Now it is of prime importance, (18) in reference to the profitableness or unprofitableness of agriculture, | ||
| (18) Lit. "it made a great difference, he said, with regard to profit | (18) Lit. "it made a great difference, he said, with regard to profit | ||
| - | | + | and loss in agriculture." |
| (19) Or if, after Hertlein, adding {kai meionon}, transl. " | (19) Or if, after Hertlein, adding {kai meionon}, transl. " | ||
| - | | + | more, now less, in number." |
| (20) {ergasteron}, | (20) {ergasteron}, | ||
| - | | + | 15; xiii. 10. |
| (21) Cf. Herod. II. ii. 2. | (21) Cf. Herod. II. ii. 2. | ||
| (22) Or, "Why! one man in ten makes all the difference by..." | (22) Or, "Why! one man in ten makes all the difference by..." | ||
| - | | + | {para} = "by comparison with." |
| (23) Reading as vulg., or if {to me pro k.t.l.} transl. "by not | (23) Reading as vulg., or if {to me pro k.t.l.} transl. "by not | ||
| - | | + | leaving off, etc." |
| (24) i.e. "is a difference of fifty per cent on the whole work." | (24) i.e. "is a difference of fifty per cent on the whole work." | ||
| Line 2189: | Line 2189: | ||
| (26) Or, " | (26) Or, " | ||
| - | | + | etc., or if with Holden, etc., {to de de kalos kai to kakos |
| - | ergazesthai e epimeleisthai}, | + | ergazesthai e epimeleisthai}, |
| - | carefulness well or ill expended there lies all the difference; | + | carefulness well or ill expended there lies all the difference; |
| - | the two things are sundered as wide apart as are the poles of work | + | the two things are sundered as wide apart as are the poles of work |
| - | and play," etc. A. Jacobs' | + | and play," etc. A. Jacobs' |
| - | {to de de kakos ergazesthai e kakos epimeleisthai kei to kalos}, | + | {to de de kakos ergazesthai e kakos epimeleisthai kei to kalos}, |
| - | seems happy. | + | seems happy. |
| (27) Or, "such a hoer aught but an idle loon." | (27) Or, "such a hoer aught but an idle loon." | ||
| Line 2204: | Line 2204: | ||
| (29) Or, "the expenses from the house are going on at the full rate," | (29) Or, "the expenses from the house are going on at the full rate," | ||
| - | | + | {enteleis}. Holden cf. Aristoph. " |
| - | apodoso ' | + | apodoso ' |
| - | a penny" (Frere). | + | a penny" (Frere). |
| (30) {anutikotaten}. Cf. " | (30) {anutikotaten}. Cf. " | ||
| (31) Or, "who merely taught me what he had himself carried out in | (31) Or, "who merely taught me what he had himself carried out in | ||
| - | | + | practice." |
| Now, my father would never suffer me to purchase an estate already under cultivation, | Now, my father would never suffer me to purchase an estate already under cultivation, | ||
| (32) i.e. out of cultivation, | (32) i.e. out of cultivation, | ||
| - | | + | viz. olive, fig, vine, etc. |
| (33) Or, "be it a dead thing or a live pet." Cf. Plat. " | (33) Or, "be it a dead thing or a live pet." Cf. Plat. " | ||
| - | | + | B; " |
| (34) Cf. " | (34) Cf. " | ||
| Line 2226: | Line 2226: | ||
| (36) Or, " | (36) Or, " | ||
| - | | + | " |
| (37) Or, "nor did he rack his brains to discover it." See " | (37) Or, "nor did he rack his brains to discover it." See " | ||
| - | | + | v. 23. Cf. Aristoph. " |
| - | philosophers. | + | philosophers. |
| (38) "He could not see an estate of the sort described but he must | (38) "He could not see an estate of the sort described but he must | ||
| - | | + | fall over head and ears in love with it at first sight; have it he |
| - | must." | + | must." |
| When I heard this, I could not resist asking a question; Ischomachus (I said), did your father retain possession of all the farms he put under cultivation, | When I heard this, I could not resist asking a question; Ischomachus (I said), did your father retain possession of all the farms he put under cultivation, | ||
| Line 2245: | Line 2245: | ||
| (40) Lit. "they carry it across the seas again, and that, too, after | (40) Lit. "they carry it across the seas again, and that, too, after | ||
| - | | + | having stored it in the hold of the very vessel in which they sail |
| - | themselves." | + | themselves." |
| (41) Or, "their treasure." | (41) Or, "their treasure." | ||
| - | | + | humour of the passage. The love of John Barleycorn is their master |
| - | passion. | + | passion. |
| To these remarks Ischomachus replied: You jest, Socrates; but still I hold to my belief: that man is fond of bricks and mortar who no sooner has built one house than he must needs sell it and proceed to build another. | To these remarks Ischomachus replied: You jest, Socrates; but still I hold to my belief: that man is fond of bricks and mortar who no sooner has built one house than he must needs sell it and proceed to build another. | ||
| Line 2257: | Line 2257: | ||
| (32) Reading {e men pisteuein soi phusei (nomizein) philein tauta | (32) Reading {e men pisteuein soi phusei (nomizein) philein tauta | ||
| - | | + | pantas...}; and for the " |
| - | humorous emphasis, see Adam Smith, "Moral Sentiments." | + | humorous emphasis, see Adam Smith, "Moral Sentiments." |
| - | "An. Xen." 180, cf. Plat. " | + | "An. Xen." 180, cf. Plat. " |
| ===== XXI ===== | ===== XXI ===== | ||
| Line 2275: | Line 2275: | ||
| (4) Or, "one set of boatswains." | (4) Or, "one set of boatswains." | ||
| - | | + | the Keleustes see "Dict. Gk. Rom. Ant." s.v. portisculus; |
| - | the type of captain see " | + | the type of captain see " |
| Generals, too, will differ (he proceeded), the one sort from the other, in this very quality. Here you have a leader who, incapable of kindling a zest for toil and love of hairbreadth ' | Generals, too, will differ (he proceeded), the one sort from the other, in this very quality. Here you have a leader who, incapable of kindling a zest for toil and love of hairbreadth ' | ||
| Line 2283: | Line 2283: | ||
| (6) Or, " | (6) Or, " | ||
| - | | + | " |
| {oude eokei andros ge thnetou pais emmenai alla theoio.} | {oude eokei andros ge thnetou pais emmenai alla theoio.} | ||
| Line 2289: | Line 2289: | ||
| " | " | ||
| - | Not woman-born seemed he, but sprung from gods." | + | Not woman-born seemed he, but sprung from gods." |
| And below: "And exactly as it is a rare thing to find a man of godlike nature—to use the expression of the Spartans, 'a godlike man,' which they apply to those whom they expressively admire—so, | And below: "And exactly as it is a rare thing to find a man of godlike nature—to use the expression of the Spartans, 'a godlike man,' which they apply to those whom they expressively admire—so, | ||
| (7) Reading {etheloponia tis}, or if {philoponia}, | (7) Reading {etheloponia tis}, or if {philoponia}, | ||
| - | | + | some strange delight in labour may quicken in the heart of many an |
| - | individual soldier." | + | individual soldier." |
| Happy must that leader be whose followers are thus attached to him: beyond all others he will prove a stout and strong commander. And by strong, I mean, not one so hale of body as to tower above the stoutest of the soldiery themselves; no, nor him whose skill to hurl a javelin or shoot an arrow will outshine the skilfullest; | Happy must that leader be whose followers are thus attached to him: beyond all others he will prove a stout and strong commander. And by strong, I mean, not one so hale of body as to tower above the stoutest of the soldiery themselves; no, nor him whose skill to hurl a javelin or shoot an arrow will outshine the skilfullest; | ||
| (8) Or, " | (8) Or, " | ||
| - | | + | " |
| Lofty of soul and large of judgment (9) may he be designated justly, at whose back there steps a multitude stirred by his sole sentiment; not unreasonably may he be said to march "with a mighty arm," (10) to whose will a thousand willing hands are prompt to minister; a great man in every deed he is who can achieve great ends by resolution rather than brute force. | Lofty of soul and large of judgment (9) may he be designated justly, at whose back there steps a multitude stirred by his sole sentiment; not unreasonably may he be said to march "with a mighty arm," (10) to whose will a thousand willing hands are prompt to minister; a great man in every deed he is who can achieve great ends by resolution rather than brute force. | ||
| Line 2311: | Line 2311: | ||
| (11) According to Sturz, " | (11) According to Sturz, " | ||
| - | | + | see " |
| - | man. See " | + | man. See " |
| (12) Apparently a homely formula, like "make hay whilst the sun | (12) Apparently a homely formula, like "make hay whilst the sun | ||
| - | | + | shines," |
| (13) Cf. Hom. " | (13) Cf. Hom. " | ||
| (14) Reading {kratiste ousa}, or if with Heindorf, {kratisteusai}, | (14) Reading {kratiste ousa}, or if with Heindorf, {kratisteusai}, | ||
| - | | + | transl. "to prove himself the best." |
| (15) See " | (15) See " | ||
text/oeconomicus.1377388814.txt.gz · Last modified: 2014/01/15 11:13 (external edit)